Tumor-suppressive function of UNC5D in papillary thyroid cancer

Abstract

Background: Studies have shown an association of the UNC5D gene with kidney and bladder cancer and neuroblastoma. We investigated whether UNC5D acts as a tumor suppressor in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

Methods: Primary PTC tumors and matched normal thyroid tissues were obtained from 112 patients to detect UNC5D mRNA by real-time PCR. Genomic DNA sequencing was performed to detect BRAF mutation in PTC tumors. The association between UNC5D expression and clinicopathological data from PTC patients was reviewed retrospectively. PTC-derived cancer cell lines TPC-1 and K1 with stable transfection of UNC5D were used to investigate the functions of UNC5D. Flow cytometry, CCK-8, Transwell assay and scratch tests were used to examine cell cycle distribution, proliferation and migration.

Results: The expression of UNC5D was significantly decreased in PTC compared with adjacent normal thyroid tissues. Lower UNC5D expression was significantly associated with aggressive tumor behaviors, such as lymph node metastasis and BRAF mutation. Overexpression of UNC5D significantly suppressed malignant cell behaviors, including cell proliferation and migration, as well as tumor growth in vivo.

Conclusions: These findings suggest a potential tumor suppressor role of UNC5D in PTC progression; and provide insight into potential clinical relevance for the prognosis of PTC.

INTRODUCTION

Thyroid carcinoma, the most frequent primary malignancy in the endocrine organs, has experienced a rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence in recent decades [1]. Originating from thyroid follicular cells, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounts for the vast majority of thyroid cancers (80%) [2, 3]. PTC patients in early stages have a favorable prognosis, and the overall five-year survival rate is 95% [4]; however, when they occasionally de-differentiate into more aggressive and lethal thyroid cancers, the five-year survival rate drops to 59% in the late stage [3, 5]. Clinical variables including advanced stage, extra-thyroidal tumor extension, lymph node metastasis (LNM), and distant metastases have been associated with a poor prognosis in PTC [6]. However, the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the aggressive behavior of some papillary carcinomas that result in recurrence and metastatic lesions remain poorly understood [7].

Recent studies using next-generation sequencing (NGS) have indicated that thyroid carcinoma is predominantly driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations [8]. Previous studies showed that a major class of driver genes of PTC is involved in the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, including point mutations in BRAF and Ras [9–12], as well as fusions involving the RET [13] and NTRK1 tyrosine kinases [14]. Mutations within the genes related in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, such as PTEN, PIK3CA, and AKT1, have also been reported at low frequencies [8]. Recently, increasing numbers of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) have been identified in PTC, which implies that TSGs, such as CHEK2, REC8, CCDC67, and PATZ1, may play a vital role in tumorigenesis in PTC [3, 15–17]. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of TGSs in PTC remain unknown, which makes further study necessary for understanding the pathogenesis of PTC.

Uncoordinated-5 (Unc5) receptors, including four homologues (Unc5A-D), were expressed extensively in multiple tissues and participated in an array of cell processes [18, 19]. Intriguingly, characterized as “dependence receptors”, Unc5 receptors expression is strongly suppressed in most cancers [20, 21], presumably due to pro-apoptotic and antiangiogenic properties of Unc5 signaling [22–24]. Overexpression of these receptors inhibits tumor cell anchorage-independent growth and invasion, which makes the Unc5 receptors hypothesized to be putative tumor suppressors [25, 26].

UNC5D, a newly added member of the Unc5 family [27], widely expressed in normal tissues, was frequently absent or attenuated in cancer cell lines and reported to be associated with multiple cancers including kidney cancer, neuroblastoma and bladder cancers [28–30]. However, to the best of our knowledge, whether UNC5D could act as a tumor suppressor gene in PTC remains unclear.

Considering this, we focused on the potential role of UNC5D in the development of PTC (see Supplementary Figure 1). First, UNC5D expression in papillary thyroid cancer versus adjacent noncancerous tissues was investigated, and the relationship between UNC5D and clinicopathological variates was explored. Subsequently, the implication of UNC5D downregulation in PTC was analyzed by monitoring altered PTC cell behaviors following restoration of its expression in otherwise silenced cells. Data thus acquired support a tumor-suppressive function of UNC5D in PTC. We put forth that our results will lead to improved clinical pathologic classification and management of PTC patients.

RESULTS

Loss or reduced expression of UNC5D in PTC and cell lines

We performed quantitative real-time PCR and semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) in 112 patients with primary PTC to explore the expression level of UNC5D mRNA in PTC. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that UNC5D mRNA expression was remarkably reduced in a large proportion of PTC tissues compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues. (Figure 1A). Such a pattern was subsequently verified using RT-PCR. As shown in Figure 1B, in a representative number of paired tissue specimens, the UNC5D mRNA expression level was weak in contrast to paired nonmalignant tissues. We further examined UNC5D protein expression in these tumors by Western blot. A similar pattern was seen with the expression of UNC5D protein (Figure 1C). Previous studies have indicated that hypermethylation of a CpG island in the promoter region together with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) may contribute to the UNC5D silencing in renal cancer [28]. These results suggested that deregulated expression of UNC5D might correlate with PTC tumorigenesis and development.

Figure 1: UNC5D is attenuated or silenced in PTC tissues. (A) comparison of the relative expression levels of UNC5D in 112 paired PTC and adjacent noncancerous tissues as measured by real-time PCR. “^***” indicates P< 0.01. (B) UNC5D mRNA expression in 4 representative pairs of PTC and adjacent noncancerous tissue as assessed by RT-PCR. (C) Western blot analysis of UNC5D protein in PTC and adjacent normal tissues. N, matched normal thyroid tissue; C, cancer tissue.

Down-regulation of UNC5D expression is associated with BRAF (V600E) mutation and aggressive behaviors of papillary thyroid cancer

As a newly characterized tumor suppressor gene, UNC5D was recently reported to be mutated in non-small-cell lung cancer, uterine cancer and stomach cancer in a public dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA); however, the TCGA analysis of PTC implied that somatic mutations targeting UNC5D are uncommon in PTC, which was consistent with data from the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database. BRAF^V600E was a commonly recognized hotspot mutation in PTC, and the BRAF^V600E mutant was sequenced by Sanger sequencing in our research. As shown in Table 1, BRAF^V600E was present in 69 of 110 patients. Figure 2A shows a representative electropherogram of the BRAF T1799A mutation. Compared to tumors without the BRAF^V600E hotspot mutation, the expression of UNC5D was significantly decreased in BRAF mutated tumors (Figure 2B). Interestingly, as illustrated in Figure 2C-2E, the UNC5D mRNA level in patients with LNM was lower than in the non-LNM group, while the expression level of UNC5D between subgroups divided according to multifocality or tumor size displayed no significant differences. Linear regression analysis of the association between clinicopathologic features and the expression of UNC5D revealed that in addition to BRAF mutation and LNM, no correlation between the reduction in UNC5D expression and the characteristics including age, gender, tumor size and multifocality existed (Table 2). As summarized in Table 3, logistic regression analysis showed that UNC5D expression was strongly associated with the occurrence of LNM.

Figure 2: Aggressive tumor behaviors affected UNC5D mRNA expression levels in PTC. (A) the representative electropherogram of the hotspot mutation in the BRAF gene. A case of PTC with the wild-type BRAF and a case with the BRAF T1799A mutation are shown. The red rectangle indicates the nucleotide where the mutation occurs. (B-D) contrast of UNC5D mRNA expression levels between subgroups divided by with or without the BRAF^V600E hotspot mutation (B), LNM or non-LNM(C), multifocality (D), and tumor size (E). “^*” indicates P< 0.05.

Table 1: The clinical characteristics of study subjects

Characteristics	Number (%)
Number of patients	112
Tissue samples analyzed	224
Sex
male	27
female	85
Age
< 45y	49
≥ 45y	63
Tumor size*
T1	63
T2	36
T3	8
Multifocality	34 (30%)
Lymph node metastasis	41 (38%)
Distant metastasis	0
Tumor mutation status
BRAF V600E	69 (63%)

Tumor size were classified as tumor T status: T1 = ≤ 2 cm; T2 = > 2cm, but < 4 cm; T3 = ≥ 4 cm.

Table 2: Linear regression analysis of variables associated with the UNC5D expression in PTC subjects

(A)	Simple		Multiple
	r	P	β	P
Sex(female/male)	0.078	0.415
Age(years)	0.109	0.254
Tumor size(cm)	0.011	0.909
Multifocality	0.016	0.865
BRAF V600E	0.267	0.005	0.229	0.014
LNM	0.202	0.036	0.233	0.013

Table 3: Logistic regression analysis of parameters associated with LNM

Parameters	Category	Univariate analysis
		OR(95% CI)	P
Age (year)		1.005 (0.977-1.035)	0.726
Tumor size (cm)		1.052 (0.757-1.463)	0.763
UNC5D		1.371 (1.080-1.739)	0.009
Sex	Female/male	2.143 (0.772-5.947)	0.143
multifocality	Uni/multi-focal	1.310 (0.568-3.022)	0.527
BRAF status	WT/V600E	0.576 (0.251-1.321)	0.193

Restoration decreased cell proliferation and colony formation

To uncover whether the UNC5D acts as a tumor suppressor in PTC, the expression of UNC5D was further confirmed in two PTC-derived cancer cell lines (K1, TPC 1) by quantitative real-time PCR and RT-PCR. The results showed lower UNC5D expression levels compared to 3 normal thyroid gland tissues (Figure 3A-3B). To determine whether UNC5D could inhibit the proliferation or migration of thyroid cancer cells, we used a lentivirus to build the UNC5D overexpression and negative control cell lines. The effectiveness of the transfection was confirmed by Western blotting (Figure 3C). Cell proliferation and colony formation assays were then performed to observe the function of UNC5D in the proliferation of K1 and TPC-1 cells; the percentage of viable cells was detected at four time points (0, 24, 48, and 72 hours) (Figure 3D). It was found that the overexpressed UNC5D could inhibit cell proliferation in these two PTC-derived cancer cell lines. Cell colony formation was also significantly inhibited by UNC5D overexpression (Figure 3E). Cell-cycle analysis with UNC5D overexpressed K1 and TPC-1 cells both revealed an increase in G2-M phase (Figure 3F). Based on these results, we concluded that UNC5D might be a key mediator in the proliferation of K1 and TPC-1 cells.

Figure 3: UNC5D inhibits PTC cell growth and cell cycle status. K1 and TPC-1 cells were infected with control/UNC5D-expressing lentiviruses and monitored for growth using various assays. Each assay was repeated at least 3 times. (A) real time-PCR analysis of UNC5D in 2 PTC-derived cell lines (TPC-1 and K1) and 3 normal thyroid gland tissues (mean value of expression was set to 1). Means ± SEM of triplicate samples compared to each normal control are shown. NT = three normal thyroid tissues used as a control. (B) UNC5D mRNA expression in three normal thyroid tissues and 2 thyroid cancer cell lines as assessed by RT-PCR. (C) Western blot results show the protein expression of FLAG and GAPDH. (D) cell proliferation was analyzed using CCK-8. The results are presented as absorbance (OD) at 450 nm for triplicate wells. “^*” indicates P< 0.05. (E) colony formation of K1 and TPC-1 cells in monolayer culture. Overexpression of UNC5D inhibited cell proliferation and the colony formation of K1 and TPC-1 cells in a monolayer culture, P <0.05. (F) the flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle showed that UNC5D induced G2-M arrest in K1 and TPC-1 cells. The results quantified in the cell cycle analysis are shown as a percentage of the total number of cells. Data are expressed as the means±SEM of three independent experiments. “^*” indicates P< 0.05.

Overexpression of UNC5D inhibits PTC cells migration

We next investigated whether UNC5D could inhibit the migratory abilities of K1 and TPC-1 cells by performing the Transwell assay and scratch wound healing assay. The results observed in all UNC5D-transfected clones, including K1 and TPC-1 cells, showed that overexpression of UNC5D led to a nearly 2-fold reduction in the number of cells crossing over the filter in the Transwell assay (Figure 4A-4B). By using a scratch wound-healing assay, we found that wound closure was retarded for UNC5D-overexpressing cells compared with the control cells transfected with only the empty vector (Figure 4C-4D).

Figure 4: Effect of UNC5D on the migration of K1 and TPC-1 cells. Transwell assay was performed to determine the migration ability of K1 (A) and TPC-1 cells (B). Representative images showing cell migration in Transwell assay. The number of migration cells was counted in 6 randomly chosen fields and averaged for each of the triplicate wells. Data are expressed as the means±SEM of three independent experiments. “^*” indicates P < 0.05, “^***” indicates P < 0.01. Representative images showing the migration of K1 (C) and TPC-1 cells (D) in the scratch wound-healing assay at 2 points.

UNC5D inhibits tumor growth in vivo

To further examine the effect of UNC5D on PTC cell growth in vivo, UNC5D overexpressed and control K1 cells were injected subcutaneously into 4-5-week-old male nude mice. Twelve mice were divided into 2 groups (Figure 5A), and tumors were peeled from the subcutis of nude mice (Figure 5B). Consistent with in vitro results, UNC5D significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo through decreased tumor volume and weight in mice (P< 0.05) (Figure 5C-5D). These results confirmed UNC5D to be a novel tumor suppressor gene for PTC.

Figure 5: UNC5D inhibits PTC growth in vivo. (A) twelve 4-5-week old male BALB/c nude mice were separated into 2 groups and injected with K1-Control cells or K1-UNC5D cells. (B) solid tumors were peeled from mouse subcutaneous tissue at 35 days post-injection. (C) tumor growth curves showed the volume of xenograft tumors changed in a time-dependent manner. (D) tumor weights were measured when mice were sacrificed. The means±SEM are reported. “^*”, P < 0.05.

DISCUSSION

UNC5D is the most recently identified member of the UNC5 family. No information has been available concerning its biologic function in thyroid cancer to date. The current study, which focused on the role of UNC5D, showed for the first time that UNC5D expression was frequently reduced or lost in PTC tumors and implied its important tumor suppressor function in thyroid cancer cells.

Although the function of UNC5D is not yet completely clarified, previous studies have demonstrated that UNC5D expression was significantly higher in favorable neuroblastomas than in unfavorable ones, and higher UNC5D levels were correlated with longer survival time [29]. Lu et al. [28] reported that UNC5D was frequently absent or attenuated in cancer cell lines and primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC); ectopic UNC5D expression in a silenced renal cancer cell line dramatically inhibited the growth, migration and invasion of renal cancer cells. Meanwhile, genetic analysis showed that allelic imbalance significantly inhibits the UNC5D gene in unstable bladder tumors and that UNC5D may have important roles as a novel suppressor in bladder cancer via the UNC5D/DAPK pathway [30]. One study reported that UNC5D is induced during DNA damage-mediated apoptosis and is a direct transcriptional target of p53 [31]. A genome-wide associated study has identified UNC5D as one of candidate genes associated with colon cancer predisposition [32]. Our previous study using multi-region sequencing also identified UNC5D as a significantly mutated gene in non-small-cell lung cancer and a late mutated event during tumorigenesis and progress [33]. However, the possible role of UNC5D in the tumorigenesis of PTC remains unstated.

PTCs are the most common tumors of the endocrine system, although the majority of them are effectively treated with surgery and radioactive iodine; however, of note, it presents with a high rate of LNM (45%), which results in a challenge in patients management [34, 35]. Therefore, it becomes urgent to expand our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of tumorigenesis and identify effective therapeutic targets for these refractory patients. Here, our study elicited that the expression level of UNC5D in PTC tumors was dramatically lower compared to normal adjacent tissues. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the UNC5D mRNA expression level was observed in PTC patients with a BRAF^V600E hotspot or LNM. Correlation analysis indicated a relatively good relationship between the expression level of UNC5D and the aggressive clinical factors, including BRAF mutation and LNM. The BRAF^V600E mutation is common in PTC, and patients with PTC harboring the BRAF^V600E mutation appear to display more aggressive clinical behavior [36]. LNM may be associated with poor prognosis; however, the mechanism of LNM remains unclear [37].

To assess the biological significance of UNC5D in thyroid cancer pathogenesis, we used a lentiviral-mediated UNC5D overexpression vector to effectively upregulate UNC5D expression in the PTC cell lines K1 and TPC-1. We found that overexpression of UNC5D significantly decreased the cellular capacity to proliferate, suggesting a tumor suppressor role of UNC5D in opposing the malignant transformation of PTC. Additionally, UNC5D overexpression also displayed a profound inhibitory effect on cell mobility, leading to reduced migratory activity in PTC cells. Cell cycle analysis in our study showed that overexpressed UNC5D could induce G2-M cell-cycle arrest in thyroid cancer cells, which was similar to the results that have been reported in primary renal cancer cells [28]. Cell cycle regulation is a common process crucial to the tumor formation [38]. In addition, one Netrin-1 receptor DCC induced G2-M arrest by inhibition of Cdk1 [39]. Most recently, UNC5B was reported to inhibit proliferation and migration by inhibiting cell cycle progression at the G2-M phase in bladder cancer cells [40]. Further studies will test whether cell-cycle arrest is a common event initiated by UNC5 receptors.

The finding of the present study of the association between the down-regulation of UNC5D and the BRAFV600E mutation in PTC was intriguing. It implicated that there existed a potential repellence between the activation of BRAF and UNC5D expression, and also suggested that the former might participate in the negative regulation of the latter, which indicated that UNC5D might be a new target gene of BRAF^V600E in PTC. These findings might expand the genetic repertoire and provide a potential therapeutic target for thyroid cancer. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a comparatively strong interrelation between UNC5D expression with the occurrence of LNM, which suggested that the potential role of UNC5D in the LNM of PTC and the specific mechanism requires clarification. Nevertheless, the clinicopathological data and the cellular functional data in the present study are sufficient to establish that UNC5D is a novel tumor suppressor gene in thyroid cancer and is associated with tumor aggressiveness.

In summary, this is the first study that highlighted the tumor suppressor potential of UNC5D in PTC, which may serve as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for PTC intervention. It also extends our current understanding of the mechanism of UNC5D in the pathogenesis of PTC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subjects

A total of 112 patients with pathologically confirmed PTC were enrolled at the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College and Shanghai Ruijin Hospital between October 2013 and December 2014. PTC and adjacent normal thyroid tissue samples were obtained and immediately stored at -80°C. Histopathologic diagnoses were established according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification and reviewed by two independent pathologists. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital. Demographic information for each patient is described in Supplementary Table 1.

Detection of BRAF mutation in PTC

The BRAF T1799A mutation was analyzed using genomic DNA isolated from 112 cases of primary PTC tissue samples that were available for DNA isolation. Genomic DNA was extracted using a DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. As DNA quality was suboptimal for subsequent PCR and sequencing in 2 samples, we excluded them and proceeded with the detection of BRAF gene mutation by direct genomic DNA sequencing analysis in 110 patients. The primers used for PCR were (5'-3'):TCTGCAGCATCTTCATTCCA (forward) and GCCTCAATTCTTACCATCCACA (reverse). After confirmation of the efficiency and quality of the amplification PCR by running the PCR products on a 2.0% agarose gel, the PCR products were purified and sequenced by BioSune Company (Shanghai, China).

Cell culture

The human PTC cell lines TPC-1 and K1 were kind gifts from the Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the Chinese Health Ministry (Shanghai, China) [41]. TPC-1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco). K1 cells were cultured in DMEM (Gibco), MCDB (Sigma, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA), and F 12 (Gibco) (2:1:1) medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco). These cell lines were maintained in a 5% CO2-humidified atmosphere at 37°C. All cell cultures were routinely passaged at 90-95% confluency.

RNA extraction, reverse transcriptase PCR and real-time PCR

Total RNA was isolated from frozen stored tissue specimens and cells using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions and then treated with DNase I at room temperature for 10 min to degrade possible contaminating genomic DNA. cDNA was made from 1 μg RNA templates using reverse transcriptase and oligo (dT) primer (Takara). Quantitative real-time PCR for a series of genes was performed in triplicate using the SYBR Green and ABI ViiA TM 7 Real-Time PCR System as previously described [42]. Data were analyzed and presented relative to the expression of the GAPDH housekeeping gene. The primer sequences used for real-time PCR are as follows: UNC5D: forward primer, 5'-GGGACACTGCCTCATTTCAT-3', reverse primer, 5'- CATGGAAGTCCTCCACCTGT-3'; GAPDH: forward primer, 5'- GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTCA-3', and reverse primer, 5'- ATCTCGCTCCTGGAAGATGG-3'.

Construction of lentiviral vectors and transduction

The full-length UNC5D-3FLAG cDNA clones were obtained from Generay (Shanghai, China). To construct TPC-1 and K1 cells stably expressing 3FLAG-tagged UNC5D, a lentivirus-mediated infection system was used. For overexpression of UNC5D, DNA encoding 3FLAG-tagged UNC5D was inserted into the multi-cloning site of the pLenti vector. The sequences of the primers were as follows: forward primer, 5'-CGGGATCCCGATGGGGAGAGCGGCGGC-3' and reverse primer, 5'-GCTCTAGAGCTTACTTGTCGTCATCGTCT-3'. Lentiviruses were subsequently produced by transiently co-transfecting HEK-293 cells with the pLenti-CMV-EGFP-PURO vector and the packaging vectors pLP1, pLP2, and plp/vsvg pMD2.G, using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). At 48 h after transfection, media containing retroviruses were collected, filtered with 0.45 μm filters and used to infect cells in the presence of 8 μg/ml polybrene (Sigma). Infected cells were selected using 2 mg/ml puromycin (Sigma) and further maintained in growth medium. Overexpression of 3FLAG-tagged UNC5D was confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis.

Western blotting

Cell pellets or thyroid tissue samples were lysed in sample buffer as previously described [43]. Total cellular protein concentrations were determined using a BCA assay kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, China). An equal amount of protein of approximately 30 μg was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. They were then incubated with primary antibodies including anti-GAPDH (Cell Signal Technology), anti-Flag (Sigma-Aldrich), and anti-UNC5D (Santa Cruz) and subsequently with horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibodies. The signal was detected using enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham Imager 600, USA).

Cell proliferation

Cell proliferation was measured by using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Each condition was repeated at least 3 times. Absorbance at 450 nm was measured on a microplate reader at the designated time points after treatment.

Cell-cycle analysis

TPC-1 and K1 cells infected with lentiviruses encoding UNC5D, or EGFP alone, were harvested and fixed with ice-cold 70% ethanol. After washing with PBS, the cell pellet was resuspended in PBS containing 10 mg/mL propidium iodide (PI, Sigma Aldrich) and 500 mg/mL RNase A (Sigma-Aldrich) and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes. Samples were then analyzed on a BD FACSCalibur.

Colony formation assay

Five hundred infected TPC-1 and K1 cells were plated in a 6-well plate and cultured in medium for 10 days. Colonies were fixed with precooled methanol, and colonies were then stained with 0.5% (w/v) crystal violet for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with PBS, photographed and counted.

Wound-healing assay

Cell motility was determined by measuring the movement of cells close to an artificial wound. Cells were wounded with a 200 μL pipette tip, washed with PBS, and incubated in RPMI 1640 medium without FBS. The distances removed by cells were monitored by microscopy at the indicated time points.

Transwell assay

For the migration assay, infected cells were seeded into the upper chamber of a Transwell with a fibronectin-coated filter (8-mm pore size, Corning Life Sciences). The bottom chamber contained medium containing 10% FBS. After a 20-hour incubation, cells adherent to the upper surface of the filter were removed using a cotton swab, and those attached to the bottom of the membranes were stained with crystal violet following fixation with methanol.

Tumor xenografts model

Twelve BALB/c nude mice (4-5 weeks old, male) were randomly assigned to 2 groups. We injected infected K1-Control or K1-UNC5D cells (1 × 10⁷) subcutaneously into the right flank of BALB/c nude mice and measured the tumor dimensions by caliper every 2-3 days. The tumor volumes were calculated using the following formula: [length (mm) × width (mm) ×width (mm) × 0.5]. Upon termination, tumors were harvested and weighed. All experimental protocols conducted on the mice were performed in accordance with National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines and were approved by the Shanghai Jiaotong University Animal Care and Use Committee.

Statistical analysis

All in vitro experiments were done in triplicate. Quantitative data are presented as individual data plots or as the means ± SEM of the 3 independent experiments with triplicate determinations. Statistically significant differences were determined by the 2-tailed unpaired Student's t-test. The correlations between gene expression and potential causative variables were evaluated with the Pearson or Spearman correlation. Logistic regression was used for the univariate analysis. These analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL). P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations

PTC, papillary thyroid cancer; TSG, tumor suppressor genes; UNC5D, unc-5 netrin receptor D; LNM, lymph node metastasis.

Author contributions

H.D.S. and B.H. conceived and designed the project. M.M.Z. and F.S. contributed to the project management and the cell functional study, Y.L., R.J.Z. and Y.F. carried the animal experiment. M.M.Z. and L.L.Z. took part in the statistical analysis. B.C, Y.R.M. and X.P.Y. took part in the collection of clinical samples, extracted DNA and sample quality control. M.M.Z. and B.H. wrote the manuscript.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge all the participants for their support in this research work.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.

FUNDING

This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number: 81500602, 81430019, 81370888, 81670717, 81472177 and 31571296).