Abstract
Ying-Ying Zheng1,2,*, Xiang Xie1,2,*, Yi-Tong Ma1,2, Zhen-Yan Fu1,2, Xiang Ma1,2, Yi-Ning Yang1,2, Xiao-Mei Li1,2, Shuo Pan1,2, Dilare Adi1,2, Bang-Dang Chen2, Fen Liu2
1Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R., China
2Coronary Heart Disease Laboratory, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, P.R., China
*These authors have contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to:
Yi-Tong Ma, email: [email protected]
Keywords: C5L2 gene, single nucleotide polymorphism, acylation-stimulating protein, coronary artery disease
Received: October 04, 2016 Accepted: November 30, 2016 Published: December 29, 2016
ABSTRACT
Background: C5aR-like receptor 2 (C5L2) has been identified as a receptor for the inflammatory factor Complement 5a (C5a) and acylation-stimulating protein (ASP). ASP binding to C5L2 leading to a net accumulation of TG stores and glucose transporter. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the association of the SNPs of C5L2 gene with coronary artery disease (CAD) in a Chinese population.
Methods: We examined the role of the tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of C5L2 gene for CAD using a case-control design. We determined the prevalence of C5L2 genotypes in 505 CAD patients and 469 age and sex-matched healthy control subjects of Han population.
Results: There was significant difference in genotype distributions of rs2972607 and rs8112962 between CAD patients and control subjects. The rs2972607 was found to be associated with CAD in a dominant model (AA vs. AG + GG, P<0.001). Similarly, the rs8112962 was found to be associated with CAD in a dominant model (TT vs CT + CC, P=0.016). The difference remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustment (OR =1.401, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.026~1.914, P=0.034; OR = 1.541, 95%CI:1.093~ 2.172, P=0.014; respectively).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that both rs2972607 and rs8112962 of C5L2 gene are associated with CAD in a Han population of China.
INTRODUCTION
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic complexity inflammatory disease, which is an interaction between environmental factors and genetics background. CAD becomes the number-one killer and account for one-third of all deaths in the world [1]. Ample evidences shown that inflammation throughout every stages of the atherosclerosis [1, 2]. Studies also showed that the estimation of Non-HDL cholesterol (Non-HDL), such as increased levels of triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein B, and elevated fasting blood glucose (FBS) are important for the process of atherosclerosis, as well as CAD [3–5].
Anaphylatoxin and their receptors play key roles in the process of inflammatory. C3a and C5a are known as anaphylatoxin, which affect on the immune system [6] and is an important constituent of the cardiovascular disease(CVD). Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP), also named as C3a des-Arg, with increased level in obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, CVD, and huyperthyroidism [7–10]. Also, ASP stimulates the glucose transport [11, 12] and synthesis of TG [13–16]. C5aR-like receptor 2 (C5L2) is one of the ASP receptors, which is involving a cascade of events including phosphorylation and receptor internalization [17]. C5L2 activation launched a downstream signaling transduction pathways that including protein kinase C activation and translocation, as well as glucose transporter [7, 18–19]. C5a (a powerful inflammatory factor) is a pro-inflammatory anaphylatoxin that interacts with two receptors: C5L2 and C5aR [20–24]. C5L2 is a potential ligand for both ASP and C5a, and has been implicated in many inflammatory diseases. A recent publication reported the mRNA expression of C5L2 in the aorta of apolipoprotein E deficient (Apoe-/-) mice. Varying levels of C5L2 depending on the stage of the disease were observed [25], which indicated that a similar trend could be seen in atherosclerosis. Therefore, the decreased activity of C5L2 may result in increasing susceptibility to CAD in individuals.
A novel mutation (S323I) of C5L2 gene, which was first reported by Marcil et al. [26] was found to be associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia in a French–Canadian family. Previously, we identified two new SNPs (698C > T and 901G > A), locating on codon 233 and codon 300, respectively, which are associated with CAD in both Chinese Han and Uygur population [27, 28]. However, the association of tag SNPs of C5L2 gene with risk of CAD remains unclear. In the present study, we aim to investigate the relation between tag SNPs and CAD in a Chinese Han population.
RESULTS
Baseline characteristics comparison between the two groups
The baseline characteristics of 974 participants including 505 CAD patients and 469 healthy controls were shown in Table 1. There are significant differences between the two groups in diabetes, drinking, glucose, Apo B and LP(a) between the two groups (all P<0.05). However, the distribution of age, sex, hypertension, smoking, body mass index (BMI) and serum concentration of TG, HDL and LDL between the two groups showed no significant differences (all P>0.05).
Table 1: Characteristics of the participants
Characteristics | Control (n=469) | CAD (n=505) | χ2 or t | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 57.31 (10.27) | 61.91 (9.94) | 1.631 | 0.202 |
Sex, female (%) | 159 (33.90) | 169 (33.46) | 0.019 | 0.470 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 208(44.35) | 239 (47.33) | 0.868 | 0.368 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 39 (8.31) | 105(20.79) | 30.045 | <0.001 |
Smoking, n (%) | 47 (10.02) | 47(9.30) | 0.142 | 0.745 |
Drinking, n (%) | 42 (8.96) | 27 (5.34) | 4.811 | 0.033 |
BMI, mean (SD) | 25.90(3.40) | 25.50 (3.277) | 0.896 | 0.344 |
Apo B, mean (SD) | 0.84(0.23) | 1.02(2.87) | 4.033 | 0.045 |
Lipoprotein(a), mean (SD) | 170.42(149.69) | 203.53(190.51) | 17.673 | <0.001 |
TG, mean (SD) | 1.94 (1.54) | 2.87 (13.71) | 3.460 | 0.06 |
TC, mean (SD) | 4.35 (1.03) | 4.27 (1.15) | 2.907 | 0.089 |
HDL-C, mean (SD) | 1.13 (0.35) | 1.53(7.77) | 3.716 | 0.054 |
LDL-C, mean (SD) | 3.20 (13.64) | 3.69 (13.09) | 0.999 | 0.318 |
Glucose, mean (SD) | 5.56 (1.77) | 6.25 (2.60) | 35.393 | <0.001 |
C5L2 genotypes distribution between the two groups
Table 2 showed the distribution of genotypes and alleles of tagSNPs of C5L2. The genotypes distributions for both CAD patients and controls were in line with the predicted Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (H-WE) values (data not shown). There are significant differences between the CAD and the control group in the distribution of rs2972607 genotypes (P= 0.047), as well as a dominant model (AA vs GG + AG, P< 0.001), an additive model (AG vs AA + GG, P= 0.009) and an allelic model (P= 0.041), but no significant difference in a recessive model (GG vs AA + AG, P=0.440). Similarly, there are significant differences between the two groups in the distribution of rs8112962 genotypes (P= 0.014), as well as a dominant model (TT vs CC + CT, P= 0.016), an additive model (CT vs TT + CC, P= 0.005) and an allelic model (P< 0.001), but no significant difference in a recessive model (CC vs TT + CT, P=0.142).
Table 2: Genotype and Allele distributions in patients with CAD and control participants
variant | rs2972607 | variant | rs8112962 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAD n(%) | control n(%) | P value | CAD n(%) | control n(%) | P value | ||
genotype | genotype | ||||||
A/A | 367(72.67) | 369(78.68) | 0.047 | T/T | 390(77.23) | 389(82.94) | 0.014 |
A/G | 132(26.14) | 92(20.26) | C/T | 112(22.18) | 73(15.57) | ||
G/G | 6(1.19) | 8(1.71) | C/C | 3(0.59) | 7(1.49) | ||
Dominant model | Dominant model | ||||||
AA | 140(27.72) | 369(78.68) | <0.001 | TT | 390(77.23) | 389(82.94) | 0.016 |
AG+GG | 365(72.28) | 100(21.32) | CT+CC | 115(22.77) | 80(18.06) | ||
Recessive model | Recessive model | ||||||
GG | 7(1.19) | 8(1.71) | 0.440 | CC | 3(0.59) | 7(1.49) | 0.142 |
AG+AA | 499(98.81) | 461(98.29) | CT+TT | 502(99.41) | 462(98.51) | ||
Additive model | Additive model | ||||||
AG | 132(26.14) | 92(20.26) | 0.009 | CT | 112(22.18) | 73(15.35) | 0.005 |
AA+GG | 372(73.86) | 377(80.74) | CC+TT | 393(77.82) | 397(84.65) | ||
Allele | Allele | ||||||
A | 866(85.74) | 830(88.49) | 0.041 | T | 892(88.32) | 851(90.72) | <0.001 |
G | 144(14.26) | 108(11.51) | C | 118(11.68) | 867(9.28) | ||
As shown in Table 3, for rs2972607, after adjustment of confounding factors such as plasma concentration of lipoprotein(a), diabetes, hypertension, drinking, and smoking habit using multivariable logistic regression analysis, the association remained in a dominant model (OR =1.401, 95%CI:1.026~1.914, P=0.034). Similarly, for rs8112962, after multivariable adjustment, the difference remained significant in a dominant model (OR = 1.541, 95%CI:1.093~ 2.172, P=0.014).
Table 3: Multiple logistic regression analysis for CAD patients and control subjects
Factors | B | S.E. | Wald | P | OR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs2972607 | Dominant model | 0.337 | 0.159 | 4.499 | 0.034 | 1.401 | 1.026-1.914 |
Diabetes | 1.044 | 0.21 | 24.724 | <0.001 | 2.84 | 1.882-4.285 | |
smoking | 0.591 | 0.333 | 3.156 | 0.076 | 1.806 | 0.941-3.466 | |
drinking | -1.049 | 0.39 | 7.237 | 0.007 | 0.35 | 0.163-0.752 | |
lipoprotein(a) | 0.001 | 0.000 | 6.369 | 0.012 | 1.001 | 1-1.002 | |
Constant | -1.275 | 0.417 | 9.352 | 0.002 | 0.279 | ||
rs8112962 | Dominant model | 0.432 | 0.175 | 6.077 | 0.014 | 1.541 | 1.093-2.172 |
Diabetes | 1.03 | 0.211 | 23.891 | <0.001 | 2.801 | 1.853-4.233 | |
smoking | 0.579 | 0.333 | 3.023 | 0.082 | 1.783 | 0.929-3.424 | |
drinking | -1.025 | 0.39 | 6.917 | 0.009 | 0.359 | 0.167-0.77 | |
lipoprotein(a) | 0.001 | 0.000 | 6.154 | 0.013 | 1.001 | 1-1.002 | |
Constant | -4.686 | 1.735 | 7.299 | 0.007 | 0.009 |
DISCUSSION
In the present study, we found C5L2 genetic polymorphisms were associated with CAD in a Chinese population. This is the first report to clarify the relation between tagging SNPs of C5L2 gene and CAD risk.
CAD is a chronic inflammatory Disease. A previous study has shown that TG/HDL-C ratio is a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease [29]. Lipids and inflammation are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atheromatous plaque [3]. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] also correlates with CAD with insulin resistance and T2DM [30]. Both CAD and T2DM are multifactorial diseases in which hereditary and environmental factors both contribute to their etiology. Therefore, the association of genetic polymorphisms with CAD was paid attention to recently.
C5L2 is a potential ligand for both ASP and C5a. The level of circulated ASP is higher in CAD, hypertriglyceridemia [31], as well as obese subjects than normal controls [32], and plays a metabolic mediation role in atherosclerosis and T2DM. ASP through its receptor C5L2 can enhances lipid storage in adipocytes through stimulation of glucose uptake, fatty acid esterification and lipoprotein lipase activity [14]. In animal models(mice), ASP-C5L2 pathway can increased food intake may contribute to altered energy metabolism [33].
C5L2 is also a receptor of complement (C)5a. Evidences show that inflammation is a key process in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is associated with acute cardiovascular events. Recent evidence suggested that C5a involves in adipocytes metabolism, which based on the effects on lipogenesis, glucose uptake, and lipolysis banding its C5L2 receptor [34]. C5a is an independent risk factor for nonspecific inflammation, which indicates that plasma C5a may be a prognostic prediction rather than markers of acute phase response in advanced atherosclerosis.
We genotyped the tag SNPs (rs2972607 and rs8112962) and investigate the relation between C5L2 genetic polymorphisms and CAD. We found significant difference between the CAD and the control group in genotype distributions of rs2972607 and rs8112962. After multivariate adjustment of confounding factors the significant difference was retained. A candidate gene approach is usually used to investigate the relation between genetics and CAD. The C5L2 gene is located on chromosome 19q13, which identified to be associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia, T2D and CAD by genome-wide scan studies) [35, 36]. Furthermore, previous studies showed that C5L2 plays an important role in insulin resistance, lipid metabolism and sepsis in a C5L2 KO mice model [37–40].
Previously, we reported two novel SNPs were associated with T2DM and CAD and were not modified by the concentration of HDL-C [27, 28]. Michel et al. [26] also identified a novel variant (S323I) in the C5L2 gene which was associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia in a French–Canadian family. These previous studies were in line with the present studies.
In conclusion, the present data suggest that common genetic polymorphisms of C5L2 gene are associated with CAD. However, our results need to be verified by future large sample size, multicenter case-control study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethical approval of the study protocol
All the participants are informed consent of this study protocol and sign an informed consent. An approval of the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Xinjiang, China) was obtained. It was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration.
Subjects
Five hundred and five Han patients diagnosed with CAD at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2009 to December 2012 were recruited. Diagnosed with CAD based on the coronary angiography, the presence of at least one significant coronary artery stenosis of > 50% luminal diameter. Patients were excluded if they had congenital hypercoagulable status with proven disease-limiting life expectancy or had abused cocaine. Data and information about traditional coronary risk factors (include hypertension, diabetes as well as smoking) and other biochemical indicators were collected from all participants and a questionnaire of their family history of some chronic diseases.
The control subjects were comprised of 469 subjects selected from the Cardiovascular Risk Survey (CRS) [27, 28]. This consists of 14,618 subjects and is a multiple-ethnic, community-based, cross-sectional study designed to investigate the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for CVD and to determine the genetic and environmental contributions to atherosclerosis, CAD and cerebral infarction (CI) of in the Han, Uygur, and Kazakh population in Xinjiang (west China) between June 2007 and March 2010. Individuals were excluded in who had underwent heart bypass surgery, coronary stenting, had history of myocardial infarction, CAD, electrocardiographic signs of CAD, and relevant valvular abnormalities in echocardiograms.
Biological and lifestyle measurements
We collect five milliliters (5 ml) of peripheral venous blood from all the participants in an ethylene diamine-tetra acetic acid (EDTA) vial after at least 8 hours of fasting. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood leukocytes by phenol and chloroform extraction using a whole blood genome extraction kit (Beijing Bioteke Corporation, Beijing, China. (http://bioteke.technew.cn) as previously described [41, 42]. We measured the serum concentration of uric acid, total cholesterol, TG, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), Lipoprotein(a) [LP (a)], apolipoprotein B (Apo B) and fasting glucose using chemical analysis equipment (Dimension AR/AVL Clinical Chemistry System, Newark, NJ) in the Clinical Laboratory Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University as described previously [27, 41, 42].
Genotyping of C5L2 gene
The ABI 7900 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) for genotyping C5L2 gene. During the experiment, there are 4 blank control in each 96 sets. Using Haploview 4.2 software and international HapMap Project website phase I &II data base (http://www.hapmap.org), we obtained two tag SNPs: SNP1 (rs2972607) and SNP2 (rs8112962) by using minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥0.05 and linkage disequilibrium patterns with r2≥0.8 as a cutoff. Amplification was performed in 6ul volume, including 1ul of DNA, 3ul of Master Mix, 0.05ul of Probe(40X), MiliQ add to 6ul. Real time PCR was performed according to the protocol as follows: After an initial holding step of Pre-heatat 95°C for 10min. Samples were cycled 20 times at 95°C for 10s, at 65°C -55°C for 15s (Each loop drops by 0.5 °C), at 60°C for 15s. Then the samples were cycled 25 times at 95°C for 10s, at 60°C for 30s. pre/post read (Starting from 60°C at 0.06 °C /s was slowly warmed to 61 °C, and collecting the fluorescence value.). Cooling (cool at 40 °C to maintain). The results determination of genotype were shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Determination of genotype. A. For rs2972607, the AA genotype shows as green, the AG genotype shows as red, the GG genotype shows as blue. B. For rs8112962, the CC genotype shows as green, the CT genotype shows as red, the TT genotype shows as blue.
Statistical analyses
All analyses were performed by using SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium result is reported by Chi-square analysis. Measurement data are shown as means ±SD, and the differences between CAD patients and control subjects were evaluated by independent-sample t-test. Differences in enumeration data between CAD patients and control subjects were analyzed using the chi-square test, as were differences in distributions of genotypes and alleles between CAD patients and control subjects. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the contribution of the major risk factors. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported financially by the National Natural Science Fund of China (81360022) and The Science and Technology Innovation Talents of Xinjiang (qn2015bs010).
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
We state that we have no conflicts to disclose.
REFERENCES
1. Libby P, Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012; 32: 2045-2051.
2. Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340:115-126.
3. Arsenault BJ1, Lemieux I, Després JP, Wareham NJ, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT, Boekholdt SM. The hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype and the risk of coronary artery disease: results from the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. CMAJ. 2010; 182:1427-32.
4. Raz I. Relationship between blood glucose control and improved cardiovascular outcome after stent implantation in diabetic patients. Cardiology. 2010; 116: 48-50.
5. Goswami B, Rajappa M, Singh B, Ray PC, Kumar S, Mallika V. Inflammation and dyslipidaemia: a possible interplay between established risk factors in North Indian males with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2010; 21: 103-108.
6. Klos A, Tenner AJ, Johswich KO, Ager RR, Reis ES, Köhl J. The role of the anaphylatoxins in health and disease. Mol. Immunol. 2009; 46: 2753-2766.
7. Cianflone K, Xia Z, Chen LY. Critical review of acylation-stimulating protein physiology in humans and rodents. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003; 1609:127-143.
8. Maslowska M, Vu H, Phelis S, Sniderman AD, Rhode BM, Blank D, Cianflone K: Plasma acylation stimulating protein, adipsin and lipids in non-obese and obese populations. Eur J Clin Invest. 1999; 29:679-686.
9. Yu H, Yang Y, Zhang M, Lu H, Zhang J, Wang H, Cianflone K. Thyroid status influence on adiponectin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP) and complement C3 in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid subjects. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006; 3:13.
10. Yang Y, Lu HL, Zhang J, Yu HY, Wang HW, Zhang MX, Cianflone K. Relationships among acylation stimulating protein, adiponectin and complement C3 in lean vs obese type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006; 30:439-446.
11. Saleh J1, Al-Khanbashi M, Al-Maarof M, Al-Lawati M, Rizvi SG, Cianflone K. Acylation-stimulating protein increases and correlates with increased progester one levels during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009; 160:301-7.
12. de Lind van Wijngaarden RF1, Cianflone K, Gao Y, Leunissen RW, Hokken-Koelega AC. Cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile and acylationstimulating protein levels in children with Prader-Willi syndrome and effects of growth hormone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 1758-66.
13. Cui W, Lapointe M, Gauvreau D, Kalant D, Cianflone K. Recombinant C3adesArg/acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is highly bioactive: a critical evaluation of C5L2 binding and 3T3-L1 adipocyte activation. Mol Immunol. 2009; 46:3207-17.
14. Faraj M, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. ASP enhances in situ lipoprotein lipase activity by increasing fatty acid trapping in adipocytes. J Lipid Res. 2004; 45:657-66.
15. Xiang SQ, Cianflone K, Kalant D, Sniderman AD. Differential binding of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to lipoprotein lipase. J Lipid Res. 1999; 40:1655-63.
16. Paglialunga S, Julien P, Tahiri Y, Cadelis F, Bergeron J, Gaudet D, Cianflone K. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency is associated with elevated acylation stimulating protein plasma levels. J Lipid Res. 2009; 50:1109-19.
17. Kalant D, MacLaren R, Cui W, Samanta R, Monk PN, Laporte SA, Cianflone K. C5L2 is a functional receptor for acylation stimulating protein. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280:23936-23944.
18. Maslowska M, Wang HW, Cianflone K. Novel roles for acylation stimulating protein/C3adesArg: a review of recent in vitro and in vivo evidence. Vitam Horm. 2005; 70:309-332.
19. Cianflone K. Acylation stimulating protein and triacylglycerol synthesis: potential drug targets? Curr Pharm Dis. 2003; 9:1397-1410.
20. DeMartino JA, Van Riper G, Siciliano SJ, Molineaux CJ, Konteatis ZD, Rosen H, Springer MS. The amino terminus of the human C5a receptor is required for high affinity C5a binding and for receptor activation by C5a but not C5a analogs. J Biol Chem. 1994; 269:14446-50.
21. Ohno M, Hirata T, Enomoto M, Araki T, Ishimaru H, Takahashi TA. A putative chemoattractant receptor, C5L2, is expressed in granulocyte and immature dendritic cells, but not in mature dendritic cells. Mol Immunol. 2000; 37: 407-412.
22. Cui W, Simaan M, Laporte S, Lodge R, Cianflone K. C5a- and ASP-mediated C5L2 activation, endocytosis and recycling are lost in S323I-C5L2 mutation. Mol Immunol. 2009; 46:3086-98.
23. Cain SA, Monk PN. The orphan receptor C5L2 has high affinity binding sites for complement fragments C5a and C5a des-Arg(74). J Biol Chem. 2002; 277:7165-9.
24. Okinaga S, Slattery D, Humbles A, Zsengeller Z, Morteau O, Kinrade MB, Brodbeck RM, Krause JE, Choe HR, Gerard NP, Gerard C. C5L2, a nonsignaling C5A binding protein. Gerard, Biochemistry. 2003; 42:9406-9415.
25. Woodruff TM1, Costantini KJ, Crane JW, Atkin JD, Monk PN, Taylor SM, Noakes PG. The complement factor C5a contributes to pathology in a rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Immunol. 2008; 181:8727e8734.
26. Marcil M, Vu H, Cui W, Dastani Z, Engert JC, Gaudet D, Castro-Cabezas M, Sniderman AD, Genest J Jr, Cianflone K. Identification of a novel C5L2 variant (S323I) in a French-Canadian family with familial combined hyperlipemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006; 26:1619-1625.
27. Zheng YY, Xie X, Ma YT, Yang YN, Fu ZY, Li XM, Ma X, Chen BD, Liu F. Relationship between a novel polymorphism of the C5L2 gene and coronary artery disease. PLoS One. 2011; 6:e20984.
28. Zheng YY, Xie X, Ma YT, Yang YN, Fu ZY, Li XM, Ma X, Chen BD, Liu F. A novel polymorphism (901G > a) of C5L2 gene is associated with coronary artery diseasein Chinese Han and Uyghur population. Lipids Health Dis. 2013;12:139.
29. Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH, O'Donnell CJ, Breslow JL, Buring JE. Fasting triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation, vol.1997; 96:2520-2525.
30. Watts GF, ap Gwilym RM, Mazurkiewicz J, Coltart J. Independent correlation between plasma lipoprotein(a) and angiographic coronary artery disease in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18:234-6.
31. Jiang H, Guo M, Dong L, Cao C, Wang D, Liang X, Guo F, Xing Z, Bu P, Liu J. Levels of acylation stimulating protein and the complement component 3 precursor are associated with the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease. Exp Ther Med. 2014; 8:1861-1866.
32. Cianflone K, Zhang XJ, Genest J Jr, Sniderman A. Plasma acylation-stimulating protein in coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17:1239-44.
33. Wen Y, Wang HW, Wu J, Lu HL, Xia Z, Cianflone K. Expression of acylation stimulating protein receptor (C5L2) in preadipocytes during differentiation and under stimulation of free fatty acids. [Article in Chinese]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2007; 87:2571-4.
34. Lim J, Iyer A, Suen JY, Seow V, Reid RC, Brown L, Fairlie DP. C5aR and C3aR antagonists each inhibit diet-induced obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and adipocyte and macrophage signaling. FASEB J. 2013; 27:822-831.
35. Huertas-Vazquez A1, Aguilar-Salinas C, Lusis AJ, Cantor RM, Canizales-Quinteros S, Lee JC, Mariana-Nuñez L, Riba-Ramirez RM, Jokiaho A, Tusie-Luna T, Pajukanta P. CanizalesQuinteros S, et al. Familial combined hyperlipidemia in Mexicans: association with upstream transcription factor 1 and linkage on chromosome 16q24.1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005; 25:1985-1991.
36. Aouizerat BE, Allayee H, Cantor RM, Davis RC, Lanning CD, Wen PZ, Dallinga-Thie GM, de Bruin TW, Rotter JI, Lusis AJ. A genome scan for familial combined hyperlipidemia reveals evidence of linkage with a locus on chromosome 11. Am J Hum Genet. 1999; 65:397-412.
37. Fisette A1, Munkonda MN, Oikonomopoulou K, Paglialunga S, Lambris JD, Cianflone K. C5L2 receptor disruption enhances the development of diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. Immunobiology. 2013; 218:127-133.
38. Gao H, Neff TA, Guo RF, Speyer CL, Sarma JV, Tomlins S, Man Y, Riedemann NC, Hoesel LM, Younkin E, Zetoune FS, Ward PA. Evidence for a functional role of the second C5a receptor C5L2. FASEB J. 2005; 19:1003–1005.
39. Gerard NP, Lu B, Liu P, Craig S, Fujiwara Y, Okinaga S, Gerard C. An antiinflammatory function for the complement anaphylatoxin C5a-binding protein, C5L2. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280:39677–39680.
40. Paglialunga S, Schrauwen P, Roy C, Moonen-Kornips E, Lu H, Hesselink MK, Deshaies Y, Richard D, Cianflone K. Reduced adipose tissue triglyceride synthesis and increased muscle fatty acid oxidation in C5L2 knockout mice. J. Endocrinol. 2007; 194:293–304.
41. Xie X1, Ma YT, Yang YN, Li XM, Liu F, Huang D, Fu ZY, Ma X, Chen BD, Huang Y. Alcohol consumption and ankle-to-brachial index: results from the cardiovascular risk survey. PLoS ONE. 2010; 5:e15181.
42. Xie X1, Ma YT, Yang YN, Fu ZY, Li XM, Huang D, Ma X, Chen BD, Liu F. Polymorphisms in the SAA1/2 gene Are associated with carotid intima media thickness in healthy Han Chinese subjects:the cardiovascular risk survey. PLoS ONE. 2010; 5:e13997.
