Oncotarget

Research Papers:

Hypoxia induces triglycerides accumulation in prostate cancer cells and extracellular vesicles supporting growth and invasiveness following reoxygenation

Isabel R. Schlaepfer, Dhanya K. Nambiar, Anand Ramteke, Rahul Kumar, Deepanshi Dhar, Chapla Agarwal, Bryan Bergman, Michael Graner, Paul Maroni, Rana P. Singh, Rajesh Agarwal and Gagan Deep _

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Oncotarget. 2015; 6:22836-22856. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.4479

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Abstract

Isabel R. Schlaepfer1,*, Dhanya K. Nambiar2,3,*, Anand Ramteke2,4,*, Rahul Kumar2, Deepanshi Dhar2, Chapla Agarwal2,5, Bryan Bergman6, Michael Graner7, Paul Maroni8, Rana P. Singh3, Rajesh Agarwal2,5 and Gagan Deep2,5

1 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA

2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA

3 Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

4 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India

5 University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA

6 Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA

7 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA

8 Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA

* These authors have contributed equally to this work

Correspondence to:

Gagan Deep, email:

Rajesh Agarwal, email:

Keywords: hypoxia, extracellular vesicle, prostate cancer, lipids, β-oxidation

Received: January 30, 2015 Accepted: May 22, 2015 Published: September 08, 2015

Abstract

Hypoxia is an independent prognostic indicator of poor outcome in several malignancies. However, precise mechanism through which hypoxia promotes disease aggressiveness is still unclear. Here, we report that under hypoxia (1% O2), human prostate cancer (PCA) cells, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by these cells, are significantly enriched in triglycerides due to the activation of lipogenesis-related enzymes and signaling molecules. This is likely a survival response to hypoxic stress as accumulated lipids could support growth following reoxygenation. Consistent with this, significantly higher proliferation was observed in hypoxic PCA cells following reoxygenation associated with rapid use of accumulated lipids. Importantly, lipid utilization inhibition by CPT1 inhibitor etomoxir and shRNA-mediated CPT1-knockdown significantly compromised hypoxic PCA cell proliferation following reoxygenation. Furthermore, COX2 inhibitor celecoxib strongly reduced growth and invasiveness following hypoxic PCA cells reoxygenation, and inhibited invasiveness induced by hypoxic PCA EVs. This establishes a role for COX2 enzymatic products in the enhanced PCA growth and invasiveness. Importantly, concentration and loading of EVs secreted by PCA cells were significantly compromised under delipidized serum condition and by lipogenesis inhibitors (fatostatin and silibinin). Overall, present study highlights the biological significance of lipid accumulation in hypoxic PCA cells and its therapeutic relevance in PCA.


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