Abstract
Dapeng Wu1,2, Guodong Zhu1,2, Jin Zeng1,2, Wenbin Song1,2, Ke Wang1,2, Xinyang Wang1,2, Peng Guo1,2 and Dalin He1,2
1Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
2Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
Correspondence to:
Dalin He, email: [email protected]
Keywords: association study, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), TERC, TERT
Received: March 02, 2017 Accepted: June 27, 2017 Published: August 10, 2017
ABSTRACT
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system, the pathogenesis of RCC is still unclear. It is reported that genetic variations in telomere length related-genes TERT and TERC are involved in the many types of cancers. However, little is known about the association between TERT and TERC polymorphisms and susceptibility to RCC risk. To solve this problem, a total of 293 patients with primary renal cell carcinoma and 459 healthy people were recruited in our study. Six SNPs of TERC and TERT were genotyped, and association analysis was performed. We found TERC-rs35073794 and TERT-rs10069690 were associated with an increased risk of RCC in an allele model. (OR =2.39, 95% CI = 0.99-5.80, p = 0.047; OR =1.39, 95% CI = 1.07-1.81, p = 0.014, respectively). The genotype “TC” of rs10069690 was associated with an increased risk of RCC in the genotype model. (OR =1.52, 95% CI = 1.11-2.08, p = 0.009).TERC-rs35073794 was associated with an increased risk of RCC in the codominant model. (OR =2.61, 95% CI = 1.01-6.76, p = 0.045). Rs10069690 was associated with an increased risk of RCC under the dominant model. (OR=1.44, 95% CI= 1.04-2.01, p = 0.03). Haplotype “CA” was found to be associated with a decreased risk of RCC while haplotype “TA” was associated with an increased risk of RCC without adjustment for gender, age and body mass index (BMI). (OR=0.07; 95% CI= 0.01–0.54; p=0.011; OR= 1.24; 95% CI= 0.92–1.65; p=0.013, respectively). Rs35073794, rs10936599 and rs10069690 were positively correlated with the age older than 55 (OR= 3.27, 95%CI= 1.08-9.93, p=0.031; OR= 1.56, 95%CI= 1.03-2.37, p= 0.034; OR= 4.94, 95%CI= 1.18-20.70, p= 0.022, respectively) with or without history of drinking(OR= 4.47, 95%CI= 0.99-20.25, p= 0.024; OR= 2.62, 95%CI= 1.13-6.08, p= 0.022; OR=2.44, 95%CI=1.03-5.78, p= 0.04, respectively) and clinical stage I/II RCC (OR=2.62, 95%CI=1.02-6.74, p= 0.045; OR= 2.23, 95%CI= 1.08-4.60, p= 0.028; OR= 1.63, 95%CI= 1.17-2.27, p= 0.014, respectively). Our study indicated a significant association between SNPs in the TERC, TERT and RCC risk in a Chinese Han population. It could be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers in clinical studies of renal cell carcinoma patients.
INTRODUCTION
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system, accounting for 3% of adult malignancies. In recent years, the incidence of renal cancer was increasing year by year. It is reported that there are about 209000 new cases of renal cell carcinoma and 102000 deaths per year in the world [1]. Many epidemiological studies indicated that environmental factors and life style including smoking, obesity, diesel exhaust, and various dioxins are involved in the development of renal cancer [2-4]. However, only some of patients who are exposed to these risk factors during their lifetime would finally develop renal cell carcinoma, which means that genetic susceptibility may play a role in the etiology of renal cancer. What’s more, it is found that genetic mutations such as VHL, PBRM1, FLCN and FH are associated with renal cancer. [5-8].
Telomeres are located at the ends of chromosomes, they consist of tandem (TTAGGG)n nucleotide repeats and some binding proteins [9]. The average telomere length is about 15 ~ 50 kB in human somatic cells, and shorten in most cells with aging [10]. Telomere plays a significant role in maintaining the stability and integrity of the genome [11]. Telomerase enzymes which including Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT), telomerase RNA component (TERC) are required to keep the maintenance of telomere [12]. Loss of telomere function and infinite proliferation leads to cell fusion, chromosome degradation and genetic instability, hence the cells could obtain further growth advantages, and ultimately develop into tumor cells [13].
Several association studies have observed that TERT and TERC had a role in susceptibility to tumorigenesis in multiple types of cancer, such as lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, thymic epithelial tumors and so on [14-20], which indicates mutations in TERT and TERC gene regions may affect the activities of telomerases and further affect the risk of cancers. Many studies have been performed to explore the associations between SNPs in the TERT and TERC genes and individual susceptibility to malignant tumors of the urinary system susceptibility, it is found that TERT rs2736100 AC genotype was associated with reduced risk of upper tract urothelial carcinomas [21], whereas AA genotype of rs2736098 was associated with an increased risk for RCC [22]. TERC rs10936599 was associated with an increased risk for bladder cancer [23]. Moreover, it is shown that TERT rs2242652 had a strong association with prostate cancer risk [24]. To further investigated correlations between the TERT and TERC polymorphisms and RCC susceptibility, we genotyped six SNPs in TERT and TERC genes: rs10936599 and rs35073794 on TERC; rs10069690, rs2242652, rs2853677 and rs285367 on TERT, and performed an association analysis to identify SNPs associated with RCC risk in Chinese Han population.
RESULTS
Participant characteristics
In our study, we recruited 293 patients with primary renal cell carcinoma and 459 healthy people. Basic characteristics of the control individuals and patients with renal cell cancer were shown in Table 1. There were statistical significance differences in age, gender and history of smoking and drinking between groups of case and control while no significant difference in BMI.
Table 1: Basic characteristics of the control individuals and patients with renal cell cancer
Characteristic | Case(N=293) | Controls(N=495) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean age ± SD | 56.9±11.658 (N=292) | 54.48±9.438 (N=495) | 0.002a |
Mean BMI ± SD | 23.399±4.672(N=293) | 23.087±3.156 (N=495) | 0.311a |
Gender |
|
|
|
male | 193 | 180 | 0b |
female | 100 | 315 |
|
Smoking |
|
|
|
yes | 120 | 172 | 0b |
no | 173 | 173 |
|
Drinking |
|
|
|
yes | 53 | 59 | 0b |
no | 240 | 172 |
|
SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index (weight [kg]/height[m] 2).
aP value was calculated by Welch’s t test; bP value was calculated by Pearson’s χ 2 test.
0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5.
Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium test
Our study reveals that genotype distributions in cases and controls accorded with HWE for TERC gene rs35073794, rs10936599, TERT gene rs10069690, rs2242652, rs2853677, rs285367 sites, indicating that samples were representative.
Association between genetic polymorphisms of TERC and TERT and RCC risk
Minor allele frequency (MAF) of each chosen SNP, detailed SNP data and the associations between various SNPs and RCC risk are shown in Table 2. Our research indicated that TERC-rs35073794 and TERT-rs10069690 were associated with an increased risk of RCC in an allele model (OR =2.39, 95% CI = 0.99-5.80, p = 0.047; OR =1.39, 95% CI = 1.07-1.81, p = 0.014, respectively).
Table 2: Candidate SNPs examined in TERC and TERT
SNP ID | Position | Band | Alleles A/B | Gene(s) | HWE-p | MAF | OR(95% CI) | P | P’ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Control | |||||||||
rs35073794 | 169482135 | 3q26.2 | A/G | TERC | 1 | 0.019 | 0.008 | 2.39(0.99-5.80) | 0.047* | 0.282 |
rs10936599 | 169492101 | 3q26.2 | C/T | TERC | 0.5834 | 0.456 | 0.435 | 1.09(0.89-1.32) | 0.407 | - |
rs10069690 | 1279790 | 5p15.33 | T/C | TERT | 0.2659 | 0.189 | 0.143 | 1.39(1.07-1.81) | 0.014* | 0.084 |
rs2242652 | 1280028 | 5p15.33 | A/G | TERT | 1 | 0.188 | 0.164 | 1.19(0.92-1.53) | 0.192 | - |
rs2853677 | 1287194 | 5p15.33 | G/A | TERT | 0.4397 | 0.382 | 0.368 | 1.06(0.87-1.30) | 0.542 | - |
rs2853676 | 1288547 | 5p15.33 | T/C | TERT | 0.4932 | 0.179 | 0.156 | 1.19(0.91-1.54) | 0.197 | - |
SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; MAF: minor allele frequency; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.
* p≤ 0.05 indicates statistical significance; HWE: Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.
p value were calculated using two-sided Chi-squared test.
p’value were calculated by the Bonferroni correction.
Five models including codominant, dominant, recessive, additive and genotype model were used to further assess the association between each SNP and RCC risk in a logistic regression analysis. The association between the SNPs and RCC risk in genotype model and codominat model was listed in Table 3. Due to the frequency of rs35073794 site’s genotype “AA” was 0, we can’t assess the association between rs35073794 and RCC risk in the recessive, and genotype model. We identified the genotype “TC” of rs10069690 was associated with an increased risk of RCC in the genotype model without adjustment for gender, age and BMI (OR =1.52, 95% CI = 1.11-2.08, p = 0.009). Rs3507794 was associated with an increased risk of RCC in the codominat model with adjustment for gender, age and BMI (OR =2.61, 95% CI = 1.01-6.76, p = 0.045). The minor allele of each SNP was regarded as a risk allele compared to the wild-type allele. Logistic tests were used to analyze further model association, as shown in Table 4, we found rs10069690 was associated with an increased risk of RCC under the dominant model with adjustment for gender, age and BMI (OR=1.44, 95% CI= 1.04-2.01, p = 0.03). In addition, no statistically significant difference was detected under the other models.
Table 3: The association between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms and RCC risk in genetype and codominant model
| Genetype | Case | Control | OR(95% CI)1 | P1 | OR(95% CI)2 | P2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs35073794 | GG | 280 | 487 | NA | NA | 1.00 [Ref] | 0.045* |
| AG | 12 | 8 | NA | NA | 2.61(1.01-6.76) | |
| AA | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | |
rs10936599 | TT | 80 | 161 | 1.00 [Ref] |
| 1.00 [Ref] | 0.24 |
| CT | 158 | 237 | 1.32(0.96-1.81) | 0.093 | 1.34 (0.94-1.90) | |
| CC | 54 | 97 | 1.13(0.75-1.70) | 0.554 | 1.08 (0.69-1.70) | |
rs10069690 | CC | 191 | 359 | 1.00 [Ref] |
| 1.00 [Ref] | 0.067 |
| TC | 93 | 113 | 1.52(1.11-2.08) | 0.009* | 1.50 (1.06-2.11) | |
| TT | 8 | 13 | 1.37(0.60-3.11) | 0.454 | 1.01 (0.39-2.57) | |
rs2242652 | GG | 191 | 346 | 1.00 [Ref] |
| 1.00 [Ref] | 0.62 |
| AG | 93 | 136 | 1.21(0.89-1.64) | 0.222 | 1.18 (0.84-1.64) | |
| AA | 8 | 13 | 1.31(0.58-2.98) | 0.516 | 0.95 (0.37-2.42) | |
rs2853677 | AA | 112 | 202 | 1.00 [Ref] |
| 1.00 [Ref] | 0.54 |
| GA | 132 | 222 | 1.03(0.76-1.39) | 0.837 | 1.07 (0.77-1.49) | |
| GG | 48 | 71 | 1.15(0.76-1.74) | 0.519 | 1.29 (0.82-2.04) | |
rs2853676 | CC | 198 | 355 | 1.00 [Ref] |
| 1.00 [Ref] | 0.53 |
| TC | 85 | 126 | 1.23(0.90-1.68) | 0.191 | 1.23(0.90-1.68) | |
| TT | 9 | 14 | 1.22(0.54-2.73) | 0.632 | 1.22(0.54-2.73) |
SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; OR: odd ratio; CI: confidence interval.
p1 value was calculated by logistic regression crude analysis.
p2 value was calculated by logistic regression analysis adjusted by Gender Age and BMI.
*p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Table 4: Single loci association with renal cell carcinoma risk
SNP ID | Minor allele | Dominant model | Recessive model | Additive model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR(95% CI) | P | OR(95% CI) | P | OR(95% CI) | P | ||
rs35073794 | A | 2.61 (1.01-6.76) | 0.045 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
rs10936599 | C | 1.26 (0.90-1.76) | 0.17 | 0.90 (0.61-1.33) | 0.6 | 1.07 (0.86-1.33) | 0.54 |
rs10069690 | T | 1.44 (1.04-2.01) | 0.03* | 0.90 (0.35-2.28) | 0.82 | 1.31 (0.98-1.74) | 0.068 |
rs2242652 | A | 1.16 (0.84-1.60) | 0.38 | 0.90 (0.35-2.29) | 0.83 | 1.11 (0.83-1.47) | 0.48 |
rs2853677 | G | 1.12 (0.82-1.53) | 0.46 | 1.25 (0.82-1.90) | 0.3 | 1.12 (0.90-1.40) | 0.3 |
rs2853676 | T | 1.20 (0.86-1.66) | 0.29 | 0.98 (0.40-2.38) | 0.96 | 1.14 (0.86-1.52) | 0.37 |
SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; OR: odd ratio; CI: confidence interval.
p value was calculated by logistic regression analysis adjusted by Gender Age and BMI.
*p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Furthermore, there is a strong linkage between the candidate SNPs in the TERT gene (Figures 1–2). According to assessing the associations between SNP haplotypes and RCC risk by performing unconditional logistic regression, we listed the results in Table 5. It is obvious that haplotype “TA” was associated with an increased risk of RCC without adjustment for gender, age and BMI (OR= 1.24; 95% CI= 0.92–1.65; p=0.013), however, the haplotype “CA” was found to be associated with a decreased risk of RCC with adjustment for gender, age and BMI (OR=0.07; 95% CI= 0.01–0.54; p=0.011).
Figure 1: Haplotype block map for all the SNPs of the TERT gene.
Figure 2: Haplotype block map for all the SNPs of the TERT gene.
Table 5: Haplotype frequency and their association with RCC risk in case and control subjects
SNPs | Haplotype | Freq% | P1 | OR(95%CI) | P2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Control | |||||
rs10069690|rs2242652 | TA | 0.194 | 0.144 | 0.013* | 1.24 (0.92 - 1.65) | 0.15 |
| CA | 0 | 0.02 | 0.0018* | 0.07 (0.01 - 0.54) | 0.011* |
| CG | 0.804 | 0.83 | 0.2113 | 1 | 0.129 |
*P-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance; OR: odd ratio; CI: confidence interval.
P1- values were calculated from two-sided Chi-squared test.
P2 -values were calculated by logistic regression analysis adjusted by gender & age & BMI.
*p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Finally, the associations between TERC and TERT polymorphisms and clinical parameters of renal cell cancer had been further investigated. Positive results are shown in (Table 6A, 6B, 6C). By logistic regression crude analysis, it was found that the subjects whose age greater than 55, the genotype “AG” of rs35073794 was associated with an increased risk of RCC (OR= 3.27, 95%CI= 1.08-9.93, p=0.031). What’s more, the genotype “AG” of rs35073794 was correlated with an increased risk of RCC when the variables were without history of drinking and clinical stages I/II (OR= 4.47, 95%CI= 0.99-20.25, p= 0.024; OR=2.62, 95%CI=1.02-6.74, p= 0.045, respectively). There were no significant differences with adjustment for gender, age and BMI. As for rs10936599 and rs10069690, by logistic regression crude analysis, it was found that the genotype “CT+CC” of rs10936599 and “CT+TT” of rs10069690 were associated with an increased risk of RCC when the subjects with a history of drinking (OR= 2.62, 95%CI= 1.13-6.08, p= 0.022; OR=2.44, 95%CI=1.03-5.78, p= 0.04, respectively). Subjects who older than 55 years of age carried the genotype “CT+CC” of rs10936599 was a risk factor of RCC without adjustment for gender, age and BMI (OR= 1.56, 95%CI= 1.03-2.37, p= 0.034), the genotype “CT+TT” of rs10069690 was also a risk factor of RCC with adjustment for gender, age and BMI (OR= 4.94, 95%CI= 1.18-20.70, p= 0.022). When the variable was clinical stages I/II, the genotype “CT+CC” of rs10936599 was associated with an increased risk of RCC with adjustment for gender, age and BMI (OR= 2.23, 95%CI= 1.08-4.60, p= 0.028), the genotype “CT+TT” of rs10069690 were likely a risk factor of RCC by logistic regression crude analysis (OR= 1.63, 95%CI= 1.17-2.27, p= 0.014).
Table 6A: The associations between TERC and TERT polymorphisms and clinical characteristics of renal cell cancer
Variables | rs35073794 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Case | Control | OR(95%CI)a | Pa | OR(95%CI)b | Pb | |
Age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <55 | GG | 120 | 196 | 1 | 0.55 | 1 | 0.27 |
AG | 3 | 3 | 1.63 (0.32-8.22) | 3.04 (0.45-20.46) | |||
| ≥55 | GG | 160 | 291 | 1 | 0.031* | 1 | 0.067 |
AG | 9 | 5 | 3.27 (1.08-9.93) | 0.03 (0.00-1.64) | |||
Smkoing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| yes | GG | 113 | 57 | 1 | 0.47 | 1 | 1 |
AG | 7 | 2 | 1.77 (0.36-8.77) | 7.88 (0.00-NA) | |||
| no | GG | 168 | 170 | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.65 |
AG | 5 | 2 | 2.53 (0.48-13.22) | 2.15 (0.08-59.64) | |||
Drinking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| yes | GG | 53 | 57 | 1 | 0.11 | 1 | 1 |
AG | 2 | 0 | 0.00(0.00-NA) | 1.34 (0.00-NA) | |||
| no | GG | 228 | 170 | 1 | 0.024* | 1 | 0.89 |
AG | 12 | 2 | 4.47 (0.99-20.25) | 1.28 (0.04-44.58) | |||
Clinical Stages |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I/II | GG | 232 | 487 | 1 | 0.045* | 1 | 0.67 |
| AG | 10 | 8 | 2.62 (1.02-6.74) | 1.61 (0.17-15.06) | ||
III/IV | GG | 47 | 487 | 1 | 0.28 | 1 | 0.4 |
| AG | 2 | 8 | 2.59 (0.53-12.55) | 4.79 (0.12-185.23) | ||
Table 6B: The associations between TERC and TERT polymorphisms and clinical characteristics of renal cell cancer
Variables | rs10936599 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Case | Control | OR(95%CI)a | Pa | OR(95%CI)b | Pb | |
Age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <55 | TT | 36 | 56 | 1 | 0.83 | 1 | 0.81 |
CT+CC | 87 | 143 | 0.95 (0.58-1.55) | 0.92 (0.47-1.80) | |||
| ≥55 | TT | 44 | 105 | 1 | 0.034* | 1 | 0.28 |
CT+CC | 125 | 191 | 1.56 (1.03-2.37) | 2.03 (0.55-7.47) | |||
Smkoing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| yes | TT | 30 | 23 | 1 | 0.057 | 1 | 0.096 |
CT+CC | 90 | 36 | 1.92 (0.98-3.73) | 0.00 (0.00-NA) | |||
| no | TT | 51 | 57 | 1 | 0.46 | 1 | 0.94 |
CT+CC | 122 | 115 | 1.19 (0.75-1.87) | 1.04 (0.37-2.98) | |||
Drinking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| yes | TT | 11 | 24 | 1 | 0.022* | 1 | 0.13 |
CT+CC | 42 | 35 | 2.62 (1.13-6.08) | 6.25 (0.53-73.44) | |||
| no | TT | 70 | 56 | 1 | 0.46 | 1 | 0.38 |
CT+CC | 170 | 116 | 1.17 (0.77-1.79) | 1.47 (0.62-3.50) | |||
Clinical Stages |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I/II | TT | 65 | 161 | 1 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.028* |
| CT+CC | 177 | 334 | 1.31 (0.93-1.85) | 2.23 (1.08-4.60) | ||
III/IV | TT | 15 | 161 | 1 | 0.78 | 1 | 0.98 |
| CT+CC | 34 | 334 | 1.09 (0.58-2.06) | 0.98 (0.23-4.11) | ||
Table 6C: The associations between TERC and TERT polymorphisms and clinical characteristics of renal cell cancer
Variables | rs10069690 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Case | Control | OR(95%CI)a | Pa | OR(95%CI)b | Pb | |
Age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <55 | CC | 85 | 142 | 1 | 0.48 | 1 | 0.82 |
CT+TT | 38 | 53 | 1.20 (0.73-1.97) | 1.08 (0.55-2.12) | |||
| ≥55 | CC | 106 | 217 | 1 | 0.0065* | 1 | 0.022* |
CT+TT | 63 | 73 | 1.77 (1.17-2.66) | 4.94 (1.18-20.70) | |||
Smkoing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| yes | CC | 76 | 43 | 1 | 0.15 | 1 | 0.096 |
CT+TT | 44 | 15 | 1.66 (0.83-3.33) | 0.00 (0.00-NA) | |||
| no | CC | 115 | 125 | 1 | 0.13 | 1 | 0.53 |
CT+TT | 58 | 44 | 1.43 (0.90-2.28) | 1.42 (0.48-4.21) | |||
Drinking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| yes | CC | 34 | 48 | 1 | 0.04* | 1 | 0.25 |
CT+TT | 19 | 11 | 2.44 (1.03-5.78) | 5.88 (0.25-140.94) | |||
| no | CC | 157 | 120 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.99 |
CT+TT | 83 | 48 | 1.32 (0.86-2.03) | 1.01 (0.40-2.57) | |||
Clinical Stages |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I/II | CC | 154 | 359 | 1 | 0.014* | 1 | 0.25 |
| CT+TT | 88 | 126 | 1.63 (1.17-2.27) | 1.51 (0.75-3.06) | ||
III/IV | CC | 36 | 359 | 1 | 0.93 | 1 | 0.96 |
| CT+TT | 13 | 126 | 1.03 (0.53-2.00) | 0.96 (0.20-4.63) | ||
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; alogistic regression crude analysis.
blogistic regression analysis adjusted by gender, age and BMI; *p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
DISCUSSION
We investigated the associations between SNPs in TERC, TERT gene and risk of RCC in Chinese Han population in this case–control study. It is indicated that three SNPs are related to RCC: TERC-rs35073794 and TERT -rs10069690 were associated with an increased risk of RCC The further analysis of associations showed that the TERT gene haplotype “TA” was associated with an increased risk of RCC, while the haplotype “CA” was found to be associated with a decreased risk of RCC. Finally, rs35073794, rs10936599 and rs10069690 were positively correlated with the age older than 55, with or without history of drinking and clinical stage I/II RCC.
We are the first to demonstrate an association between rs35073794 and RCC susceptibility. Meanwhile, we revealed an association between rs1069690 and RCC susceptibility in Chinese Han population. Interestingly, Michela de Martino et al. showed that there was no association between rs1069690 and risk of RCC in European [22]. As it is reported that distribution of SNPs, the haplotype and linkage disequilibrium features in races and ethnic groups are different [25, 26], the different conclusions about the association between rs10069690 and RCC may be explained by distribution of the SNPs among races and ethnic groups.
Telomere achieves its’ genomic integrity and stability maintained by preventing the chromosome from shortening and losing genetic data with chromosomal replication. Meanwhile, in the role of DNA polymerase, telomere gradually shrinks during mitosis. When telomeres are too short to carry out their function, cells tend to senescence and apoptosis [27]. However, in tumor cells, telomeres avoid shortening by abnormal activation of telomerases, hence tumor cells would keep proliferating [28]. It is reported that SNPs in telomerase-associated TERT and TERC gene are associated with telomere length. Andrew J Pellatt et al. indicated TERT rs2853676 was associated with telomere length. Use of aspirin/NSAIDs interacted significantly with TERT rs10069690 to alter telomere length [15]. Codd V et al. and Soerensen M have reported an association between telomere length and genetic variations in TERC, it was found rs10936599 in TERC involved in telomere biology by affecting mean telomere length [29-31], while Mirabello et al. did not find an association between TERC and telomere length [11]. Interestingly, Kathryn L et al. observed several SNPs in the TERT gene, rs2736122, rs4246742, rs4975605, rs10069690, rs2736100, rs2853676, rs7726159 were significantly associated with ovarian cancer risk. However, there were no differences in telomere length between cases and controls [32], and Hosen I et al. measured relative telomere length in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and difference between tumors with and without the TERT promoter mutations was not statistically significant [33]. The pathogenesis between telomerase-associated gene mutations and RCC is still unclear and needed to be further investigated, and there might be other telomerase-associated pathogenesis could cause cancers.
Rs10069690 which is mapped to intron 4 of TERT gene was located on 5p15.33. It was associated with many caners such as glioblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian and so on [18, 33, 34]. In some malignant tumors of the urinary system, rs10069690 was found associated with prostate cancer, in our study, rs10069690 was associated with an increased risk of RCC, but it was found to be significantly associated with a decreased risk for an aggressive form of prostate cancer in Chinese population [35]. Dong J and colleagues demonstrated that the non-T allele of rs10069690 may increase the risk of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese population [36]. Such notable contradictions might be explained by the complexity of interactions among genetic variations, telomere stabilities and structures, clinical phenotypes and so on. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there are few articles on the association between rs35073794 and risk of tumors. Rs35073794 lies in downstream of TERC and it is located on 3q26.2. In our study, rs35073794 was increased 2.39-fold RCC susceptibility by the allele model. This site in TERC needed to be further investigated to research correlations between rs35073794 and cancers. It was showed that rs10936599 located on 3q26.2 was correlated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer [37]. However, in our study, rs10936599 was found to be a risk factor of RCC. As mentioned above, rs10936599 may be involved in the pathogeneses of malignant neoplasm by altering the length of telomere while the specific pathogenesis needs to be further explored.
This study has some potential limitations. First of all, this study is limited by its sample size, the further correlation should be confirmed by performing a large sample size meta-analysis; Secondly, clinical characteristics including tumor size and extent of aggression were not included in our study, and it is needed to be further analyzed through additional studies. What’s more, additional studies should be performed with more environmental, and life style factors considered. Last, our experiments were not designed to investigate the relationship between telomere length and RCC, and the detail pathogenesis between telomerase-associated gene and RCC is still not clear, the function genetic variants and mechanisms should be further investigated.
To sum up, we have demonstrated that three SNPs (rs35073794, rs10936599, rs10069690) in TERC and TERT gene are associated with risk of RCC in Chinese Han population for the first time. Of course, the influence by lifestyle can’t be underestimated. Our study may provide new data for screening of RCC in Han population and could be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers in clinical studies of renal cell carcinoma patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research objects
A total of 293 patients with primary renal cell carcinoma and 459 healthy people were recruited from 2011 to 2016 among Shaanxi Province. All the patients were treated by the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University and were newly diagnosed renal cell carcinoma by the pathological examination. Among the 293 patients, there were two specific subtypes including renal clear cell carcinoma (291/293) and renal papillary cell carcinoma (2/293). Patients who had not yet received any chemotherapy or radiotherapy were included for the case group. People who suffered from kidney insufficiency or had hereditary cancer syndrome history were excluded. 459 healthy unrelated subjects were recruited randomly as control group, individuals are Han Chinese living Xi’an. Moreover, people with chronic disease involving brain, liver, heart, and lung were excluded from our study. Individuals with urinary system diseases were also excluded. All samples were collected with informed consent and the study was approved by the regional ethics committee.
SNP selection and genotyping
We reviewed the literatures related to association between TERT and TERC polymorphisms and tumors of urinary system and selected SNPs in TERT and TERC with the minor allele frequencies (MAF) ≥5% in Asian by using HapMap database [22-24, 38]. In addition, the correlation between chosen SNPs and RCC in Chinese Han population has not been reported before. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples using the Gold Mag-Mini Whole Blood Genomic DNA Purification Kit (version 3.0; TaKaRa, Japan) [39]. The DNA concentration was measured by spectrometry (DU530 UV/VIS spectrophotometer, Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA, USA). The Sequenom MassARRAY Assay Design 3.0 software (Sequenom, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to design the multiplexed SNP Mass EXTEND assay. Genotyping was performed using a Sequenom MassARRAY RS1000 (Sequenom, Inc.) in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocol. Sequenom Typer 4.0 software was used to perform data management and analyses [40]. The primers corresponding to each SNP are listed in Table 7. Based on these results, six SNPs including rs35073794, rs10936599, rs10069690, rs2242652, rs2853677, rs2853676 were selected.
Table 7: Primers used for this study
SNP_ID | 1st-PCRP | 2nd-PCRP | UEP_SEQ |
|---|---|---|---|
rs35073794 | ACGTTGGATGGTCTTCCGCTTTTTGTTGCC | ACGTTGGATGAGAAGCAAAAACCTCAACA | cctCAAAAACCTCAACAAAATCT |
rs10936599 | ACGTTGGATGTTCCCGCTGTTTGTTCAGTC | ACGTTGGATGCAAGGGTAAAATTCCATTCTG | ATGCAGTATTCGCACCA |
rs10069690 | ACGTTGGATGCCTGTGGCTGCGGTGGCTG | ACGTTGGATGATGTGTGTTGCACACGGGAT | GGGATCCTCATGCCA |
rs2242652 | ACGTTGGATGACAGCAGGACACGGATCCAG | ACGTTGGATGAGGCTCTGAGGACCACAAGA | gtcgGAGGACCACAAGAAGCAGC |
rs2853677 | ACGTTGGATGATCCAGTCTGACAGTCGTTG | ACGTTGGATGGCAAGTGGAGAATCAGAGTG | gggtAATCAGAGTGCACCAG |
rs2853676 | ACGTTGGATGTGTCTCCTGCTCTGAGACC | ACGTTGGATGCAAAACTAAGACCCAAGAGG | agatGGAAGTCTGACGAAGGC |
Statistical analysis
We performed a two-sided Chi-squared test to examine Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in case and control groups. All of the minor alleles were deemed as a risk allele for RCC susceptibility. The differences in frequency distributions of alleles were compared between cases and controls by two-sided Chi-squared test. Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-value were used for crude logistic regression analysis and logistic regression analysis adjusted by gender, age and BMI. We used the Haploview software package (version 4.2) and the SHEsi software platform to analyze the linkage disequilibrium and SNP haplotypes [41, 42]. SPSS version 22.0 statistical package (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) and Microsoft Excel were used for all statistical analyses. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Abbreviations
SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; TERT: telomerase reverse transcriptase; TERC: telomerase RNA component; BMI: body mass index (weight [kg]/height[m] 2); MAF: minor allele frequency; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.
Author contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments:Dapeng Wu.
Performed the experiments: Guodong Zhu, Wenbin Song, Ke Wang, Xinyang Wang, Peng Guo, Dalin He.
Analyzed the data:Jin Zeng, Guodong Zhu.
Manuscript preparation: Guodong Zhu, Dapeng Wu.
Wrote the manuscript: Guodong Zhu, Dapeng Wu,Wenbin Song, Ke Wang.
Perform the analysis with constructive discussions: Dapeng Wu.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are also grateful to the patients and control individuals for their participation in the study. We thank the clinicians and hospital staff who contributed to sample and data collection for this study.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
FUNDING
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China grants (No. 81672958 to D. He)
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