Research Papers:
IRE1α inhibition by natural compound genipin on tumour associated macrophages reduces growth of hepatocellular carcinoma
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Abstract
Hor-Yue Tan1, Ning Wang1, Sai-Wah Tsao2, Chi-Ming Che3, Man-Fung Yuen4, Yibin Feng1
1School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P.R. of China
2School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P.R. of China
3State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Chemical Biology Centre, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R. China
4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Queen Mary Hospital and Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R. of China
Correspondence to:
Yibin Feng, email: [email protected]
Keywords: genipin, tumour-associated macrophage, hepatocellular carcinoma, IRE1α, NF-κB
Received: March 22, 2016 Accepted: April 27, 2016 Published: May 30, 2016
ABSTRACT
Accumulating evidences postulated the influential roles of macrophages in mediating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) initiation and progression. In this study, we demonstrate that a small molecule, genipin reduced HCC growth through suppressing IRE1α-mediated infiltration and priming of tumour associated macrophages (TAMs). Oral administration of genipin (30mg/kg/2days) suppressed orthotopic HCC tumour growth without challenging the viability and proliferation of HCC cells. Genipin reduced infiltration of inflammatory monocytes into liver and tumour thereby suppressed TAMs presence in HCC microenvironment. Suppression of HCC growth was diminished in HCC-implanted mice with depletion of TAMs by liposome clodronate. Genipin inhibited the TAMs migration, and reduced expression of TAMs-derived inflammatory cytokines that favors HCC proliferation. This is revealed by the in vivo deletion of IRE1α on TAMs in genipin-treated HCC-implanted mice. Diminishing IRE1α neutralised the inhibitory effect of genipin on TAMs. Silencing the expression of IRE1α greatly reduced TAMs migration and expression of inflammatory cytokines that prime HCC proliferation. Suppression of IRE1α led to reduced XBP-1 splicing and NF-κB activation. The reduced association of IRE1α with TRAF2 and IKK complex may be responsible for the genipin-mediated inactivation of NF-κB. The findings show the important role of TAMs in inhibitory effect of genipin on HCC, and TAMs-expressing IRE1α as a promising target for disrupting the tumour environment that favor of HCC development.
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