Oncotarget

Research Papers:

Fatty acid activated PPARγ promotes tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells by up regulating VEGF via PPAR responsive elements of the promoter

Farzad S. Forootan _, Shiva S. Forootan, Xiaojun Gou, Jin Yang, Bichong Liu, Danqing Chen, Majed Saad Al Fayi, Waseem Al-Jameel, Philip S. Rudland, Syed A. Hussain and Youqiang Ke

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Oncotarget. 2016; 7:9322-9339. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6975

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Abstract

Farzad S. Forootan1, Shiva S. Forootan1, Xiaojun Gou2, Jin Yang3, Bichong Liu4, Danqing Chen1, Majed Saad Al Fayi1, Waseem Al-Jameel1, Philip S. Rudland5, Syed A. Hussain1, Youqiang Ke1

1Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, Liverpool L69 3GA, United Kingdom

2Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory, Sichuan Antibiotics Industrial Institute, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610081, China

3Urology Department of Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610081, China

4Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacology and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610081, China

5Department of Biochemistry, Liverpool University, Liverpool L69 3GA, United Kingdom

Correspondence to:

Youqiang Ke, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: prostate cancer, FABP5, PPARγ, PPRE, VEGF

Received: August 03, 2015     Accepted: January 17, 2016     Published: January 22, 2016

ABSTRACT

In previous work, it is suggested that the excessive amount of fatty acids transported by FABP5 may facilitate the malignant progression of prostate cancer cells through a FABP5-PPARγ-VEGF signal transduction axis to increase angiogenesis. To further functionally characterise the FABP5-PPARγ-VEGF signal transduction pathway, we have, in this work, investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in its tumorigenicity promoting role in prostate cancer. Suppression of PPARγ in highly malignant prostate cancer cells produced a significant reduction (up to 53%) in their proliferation rate, invasiveness (up to 89%) and anchorage-independent growth (up to 94%) in vitro. Knockdown of PPARγ gene in PC3-M cells by siRNA significantly reduced the average size of tumours formed in nude mice by 99% and tumour incidence by 90%, and significantly prolonged the latent period by 3.5 fold. Results in this study combined with some previous results suggested that FABP5 promoted VEGF expression and angiogenesis through PPARγ which was activated by fatty acids transported by FABP5. Further investigations showed that PPARγ up-regulated VEGF expression through acting with the PPAR-responsive elements in the promoter region of VEGF gene in prostate cancer cells. Although androgen can modulate VEGF expression through Sp1/Sp3 binding site on VEGF promoter in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells, this route, disappeared as the cells gradually lost their androgen dependency; was replaced by the FABP5-PPARγ-VEGF signalling pathway. These results suggested that the FABP5-PPARγ-VEGF signal transduction axis, rather than androgen modulated route, may be a more important novel therapeutic target for angiogenesis-suppression treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer.


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