Research Papers:
YAP1 enhances cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo
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Abstract
Dan Sun1, Xiaoting Li2, Yingjian He2, Wenhui Li1, Ying Wang1, Huan Wang1, Shanshan Jiang1, Yan Xin1
1Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
2Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
Correspondence to:
Yan Xin, email: [email protected]
Keywords: yes-associated protein1/YAP1, gastric cancer, proliferation, migration, invasion
Received: March 15, 2016 Accepted: October 31, 2016 Published: November 07, 2016
ABSTRACT
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) plays an important role in the development of carcinomas such as breast, colorectal, and gastric (GC) cancers, but the role of YAP1 in GC has not been investigated comprehensively. The present study strongly suggests that YAP1 and P62 were significantly up-regulated in GC specimens, compared with normal gastric mucosa. In addition, the YAP1high P62high expression was independently associated with poor prognosis in GC (hazard ratio: 1.334, 95% confidence interval: 1.045–1.704, P = 0.021). Stable YAP1 silencing inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of BGC-823 GC cells in vitro and inhibited the growth of xenograft tumor and hematogenous metastasis of BGC-823 GC cells in vivo. The mechanism was associated with inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation, elevated E-cadherin protein expression and decreased vimentin protein expression, down-regulated β-catenin protein expression and elevated α-catenin protein expression, and down-regulated long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expressions including HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), H19, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), human large tumor suppressor-2 (LATS2)-AS1-001, and LATS2. YAP1 over-expression promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human immortalized normal gastric mucosa GES-1 cells in vitro by reversing the above signal molecules. Subcutaneous inoculation of GES-1 cells and YAP1-over-expressing GES-1 cells into nude mice did not generate tumors. We successfully established the xenograft tumor models using MKN-45 GC cells, but immunochemistry showed that there was no YAP1 expression in MKN-45 cells. These results suggest that YAP1 is not a direct factor affecting tumor formation, but could accelerate tumor growth and metastasis. Collectively, this study highlights an important role for YAP1 as a promoter of GC growth and metastasis, and suggests that YAP1 could possibly be a potential treatment target for GC.
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