Abstract
Yoshinobu Shigekawa1, Shinya Hayami1, Masaki Ueno1, Atsushi Miyamoto1, Norihiko Suzaki1, Manabu Kawai1, Seiko Hirono1, Ken-ichi Okada1, Ryuji Hamamoto2 and Hiroki Yamaue1
1Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
2Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
Correspondence to:
Shinya Hayami, email: [email protected]
Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); epigenetics; histone demethylase; KDM5B/JARID1B
Received: March 24, 2018 Accepted: September 04, 2018 Published: September 28, 2018
ABSTRACT
Background & aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high potential for recurrence, even in curative operative cases. Although several molecular-targeting drugs have been applied to recurrent HCC, their effectiveness has been limited. This study therefore aims to develop novel cancer drugs through protein methylation.
Methods: We investigated the role of KDM5B/JARID1B, a member of JmjC histone demethylase, in HCC. Expression profiles of KDM5B were examined by immunohistochemical analysis in 105 HCC clinical tissue samples. To examine functional effects of KDM5B using HCC cell lines, we performed loss-of-function analysis treated with KDM5B-specific small interfering RNAs (siKDM5B).
Results: All HCC cases were divided into KDM5B-positive expression group (n=54) and negative expression group (n=51). In five-year overall survival, KDM5B-positive group had poorer prognosis than KDM5B-negative (61% vs 77%, p=0.047). KDM5B-positive group had much poorer prognosis than that of the negative group, especially in HCC derived from persistent infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) (54% vs 78%, p=0.015). Multivariate analysis indicated that KDM5B was the strongest risk factor for poor prognosis, especially in HCC derived from HBV/HCV. Inhibition of KDM5B could significantly suppress HCC cell proliferation through no promotion from G1 to S phase. Real-time PCR and Western blotting demonstrated that E2F1/E2F2 were downstream genes of KDM5B.
Conclusions: Overexpression of KDM5B results in poor prognosis in HCC that especially derived from HBV/HCV. KDM5B appears to be an ideal target for the development of anti-cancer drugs.
INTRODUCTION
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high recurrence potential, even in curative operative cases. To prolong survival for advanced and/or recurrent HCC patients, sorafenib has been applied to first line chemotherapy for HCC, based on the results of the SHARP trial [1] and the Asia-Pacific trial [2]. Subsequently, a number of trials using anti-cancer drugs for HCC were completed without success [3–5]. Nonetheless, the efficacy of regorafenib for HCC patients was eventually demonstrated by the RESORCE trial [6]. Lenvatinib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, could be admitted as the first line treatment of unresectable advanced HCC in a randomized phase III non-inferiority trial [7]. Molecular-targeting drugs for HCC treatment are promising, however their effectiveness might be restricted because of the complex multi-step processes and heterogeneity of HCC [8]. It is therefore necessary to develop anti-cancer drugs for HCC patients through novel pathways.
Histone methylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTMs) with phosphorylation, acetylation, sumoylation and ubiquitylation. It plays a key role in transcriptional regulation by chromatin dynamics, such as euchromatin (open chromatin) or heterochromatin (closed chromatin). In early methylation research, histone methylation was thought to be a static epigenetic modification. Identification of LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1)/KDM1A in 2004, which is a histone demethylase, revealed that protein methylation is dynamically regulated [9]. A highly conserved part containing the JmjC (Jumonji C) domain was characterized to reserve histone demethylase activity [10]. KDM5B/JARID1B is also categorized as a member of Jmjc family and has demethylase activity for histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) di- and tri- methylation.
In 2003, SMYD3 (SET and MYND domain containing 3), a histone methyltransferase, was shown to stimulate HCC cell proliferation through its methyltransferase activity [11–15]. We have reported that various kinds of histone methyltransferases and demethylases may also contribute to human carcinogenesis [16–27]. The expression profiles of KDM5B, also known as JARID1B/PLU-1, were up-regulated significantly in various types of cancer compared with corresponding normal tissue, especially in bladder cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [27]. We also found that E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) and E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2) are candidate downstream modulators regulated by KDM5B in bladder cancer and NSCLC [27]. In the current study, we examined KDM5B expression status in HCC and elucidated the critical role of KDM5B in human carcinogenesis for HCC.
RESULTS
Clinicopathological findings of KDM5B expression in hepatocellular carcinoma
All HCC cases were divided into KDM5B-positive expression group (KDM5B-positive group, n=54) and KDM5B-negative expression group (KDM5B-negative group, n=51) (Figure 1A). There was no significant staining in non-neoplastic tissues and no differences between KDM5B-positive and negative groups in patient characteristics such as sex, age and alcoholic abuse (Table 1). There were more nBnC (both hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C antibody are negative) patients in KDM5B-negative group than in KDM5B-positive (p=0.03). In preoperative laboratory findings, KDM5B-positive group had higher AFP level than KDM5B-negative group only (88.0 vs 11.5 [ng/ml], p=0.002) (Table 1). In pathological findings, KDM5B-positive group had poorer differentiation and more vascular invasion than KDM5B-negative group (p=0.04, 0.049, respectively, Table 1). A statistically significant, positive correlation was found between KDM5B and Ki-67 expressions (p=0.014, Figure 1B and Table 1).
Figure 1: KDM5B/JARID1B was overexpressed and contributed to poor prognosis in HCC. (A) HCC cases (n:105) were divided into three groups by immunohistochemical staining pattern of KDM5B depending on immunoreactive scoring system (IRS score) (x 400 magnification). IRS score 0 (n=51) was categorized as KDM5B-negative expression group. IRS score 1-6 (n=43) and 7-12 (n=11) were categorized as KDM5B-positive expression group (n=54). Scale bars; 100μm. (B) HCC cases (n:105) were divided into three groups by immunohistochemical staining pattern of Ki-67 depending on IRS score (x 400 magnification). IRS score 0 (n=22) and 1-6 (n=30) were categorized as Ki-67 negative expression group. IRS score 7-12 was categorized as Ki-67 positive expression group (n=53). Scale bars; 100μm. (C) KDM5B expression correlated with the five-year overall survival of HCC patients by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p=0.047). (D) KDM5B expression did not correlate with the two-year and five-year disease-free survival of HCC patients (p=0.51, 0.68, respectively). (E) KDM5B expression correlated with the five-year overall survival of HCC patients with hepatitis B virus antigen (HBV Ag) or hepatitis C virus antibody (HCV Ab) positive by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p=0.015). (F) KDM5B expression did not correlate with the two-year and five-year disease-free survival of HCC patients with HBV Ag or HCV Ab positive by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p=0.21, 0.49, respectively). *p<0.05.
Table 1: Clinicopathological characteristics in KDM5B positive and negative groups
Variables | all | KDM5B | KDM5B | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient characteristics | ||||
Sex | 0.10 | |||
Male | 79 | 37 | 42 | |
Female | 26 | 17 | 9 | |
Age (years) | 66 (33-82) | 64 (38-82) | 67 (33-81) | 0.12 |
Alcoholic abuse | 0.64 | |||
Yes | 76 | 38 | 38 | |
No | 29 | 16 | 13 | |
Hepatitis status | 0.03* | |||
HBV Ag positive | 18 | 13 | 5 | |
HCV Ab positive | 63 | 35 | 28 | |
nBnC (no infection) | 27 | 9 | 18 | |
Preoperative laboratory data | ||||
Albumin (g/dl) | 3.9 (2.2-4.8) | 3.9 (2.8-4.8) | 3.9 (2.2-4.8) | 0.46 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.8 (0.2-2.0) | 0.8 (0.2-2.0) | 0.8(0.4-1.9) | 0.78 |
Prothrombin time (%) | 85.5 (51.1-113.4) | 81.6 (51.1-113.4) | 88.1 (52.4-109.0) | 0.06 |
ICG R15 (%) | 10.7 (1.6-36.3) | 10.0 (1.6-36.3) | 11.0 (1.7-36.0) | 0.79 |
AST (IU/ml) | 50 (21-166) | 51 (21-166) | 48 (22-147) | 0.36 |
ALT (IU/ml) | 47 (8-158) | 46 (8-158) | 47 (12-148) | 0.84 |
Platelet count (x104/μl) | 14.5 (3.4-39.7) | 14.2 (4.6-26.7) | 15.5 (3.4-39.7) | 0.22 |
Child-Pugh grade | 0.54 | |||
A | 92 | 46 | 46 | |
B | 12 | 7 | 5 | |
C | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
AFP (ng/ml) | 34.4 (18-96575) | 88.0 (1.8-96575.6) | 11.5 (2.1-2978.9) | 0.002** |
AFP-L3 (%) | 0.5 (0.1-89.9) | 0.5 (0.1-89.9) | 0.5 (0.1-85.7) | 0.24 |
DCP (mIU/ml) | 20.4 (10.0-693070) | 187.0 (19.0-292000) | 195.0 (10.0-693070) | 0.30 |
Pathological characteristics | ||||
Tumor maximum size (cm) | 4.0 (1.0-15.0) | 4.5 (1.0-15.0) | 3.5 (1.5-11.0) | 0.68 |
Tumor number | 0.53 | |||
Single | 69 | 37 | 32 | |
Multiple | 36 | 17 | 19 | |
Differentiation | 0.04* | |||
Well | 20 | 7 | 13 | |
Moderate | 74 | 38 | 36 | |
Poor | 11 | 9 | 2 | |
Vascular invasion | 0.049* | |||
Present | 23 | 16 | 7 | |
Absent | 82 | 38 | 44 | |
Fibrosis stage | 0.64 | |||
4 | 56 | 30 | 26 | |
0-3 | 49 | 24 | 25 | |
Activity stage | 0.97 | |||
2-3 | 76 | 39 | 37 | |
0-1 | 29 | 15 | 14 | |
TNM stage | 0.62 | |||
I | 9 | 4 | 5 | |
II | 37 | 20 | 17 | |
III | 37 | 15 | 22 | |
IV | 22 | 15 | 7 | |
Ki-67 status | 0.01* | |||
Positive | 53 | 37 | 16 | |
Negative | 52 | 17 | 35 | |
*p<0.05, **p<0.01
KDM5B: Lysine demethylase 5B; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; nBnC: both hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C antibody are negative;ICG-R15: indocyanine green retention test at 15 minutes; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase; AFP: alpha-fetoprotein; AFP-L3: the lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP; DCP: des-ɤ-carboxy prothrombin.
In five-year overall survival rate after surgery, KDM5B-positive group had poorer prognosis than KDM5B-negative group (61% vs 77%, respectively, p=0.047, Figure 1C). There was no significant difference, however, in both two-year and five-year recurrence-free survival after surgery (KDM5B-positive vs negative, 41% vs 39%, 18% vs 28%, respectively, Figure 1D). To assess these prognostic factors, 17 variables were analyzed in the 105 patients using the Cox proportional hazards model (Table 2). Univariate analysis indicated that four variables (AFP > 20 ng/ml, vascular invasion, KDM5B-positive and Ki-67-positive) were risk factors of HCC. Consequently, in multivariate analysis, only AFP level was suggested as a prognostic factor of HCC.
Table 2: Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors of HCC
Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | (95% CI) | p value | HR | (95% CI) | p value | |
Sex (male vs female) | 1.84 | (0.721-4.715) | 0.20 | |||
Age (≦66 vs >66) | 1.08 | (0.464-2.527) | 0.85 | |||
HBV infection | 0.76 | (0.241-2.259) | 0.62 | |||
HCV infection | 0.44 | (0.173-1.109) | 0.08 | |||
Child-Pugh grade | 2.43 | (0.741-7.936) | 0.13 | |||
AFP | 4.33 | (1.589-11.81) | 0.03* | 3.236 | (1.123-9.345) | 0.04* |
AFP-L3 | 1.77 | (0.743-4.232) | 0.19 | |||
DCP | 1.07 | (0.412-2.774) | 0.89 | |||
Tumor size | 1.74 | (0.660-4.601) | 0.26 | |||
Triple positive | 1.17 | (0.083-3.430) | 0.68 | |||
Tumor number (multiple vs single) | 1.73 | (0.722-4.149) | 0.22 | |||
Differentiation | 2.64 | (0.712-9.803) | 0.14 | |||
Vascular invasion | 2.52 | (1.057-5.995) | 0.03* | 2.083 | (1.212-5.263) | 0.12 |
Intrahepatic metastasis (yes vs no) | 2.07 | (0.878-4.895) | 0.09 | |||
TNM stage | 1.85 | (0.762-4.468) | 0.17 | |||
KDM5B | 2.41 | (0.995-5.843) | 0.047* | 1.738 | (0.705-5.286) | 0.30 |
Ki-67 (positive vs negative) | 2.55 | (1.050-6.170) | 0.04* | 1.435 | (0.526-3.924) | 0.58 |
*p<0.05
KDM5B: Lysine demethylase 5B; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; AFP: alpha-fetoprotein; AFP-L3: the lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP; DCP: des-ɤ-carboxy prothrombin.
There were more KDM5B-positive cases than KDM5B-negative cases in HCC cases caused by persistent infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) (Table 1). These HCC cases were divided into KDM5B-positive expression (n=45) and negative expression group (n=33). There were no differences in patient characteristics (Table 3). In preoperative laboratory findings, KDM5B-positive group also had much higher AFP level than KDM5B-negative group, compared with all cases (136.2 vs 18.0 [ng/ml], p=0.0007) (Table 3). In pathological findings, KDM5B-positive group had larger sized tumors, poorer differentiation and more vascular invasion than KDM5B-negative group. In five-year overall survival rates after surgery, KDM5B-positive group had much poorer prognosis than KDM5B-negative group (54% vs 78%, respectively, p=0.015) (Figure 1E). There was no significant difference, however, in both two-year and five-year recurrence-free survival after surgery (KDM5B-positive vs negative, 31% vs 42%, 22% vs 21%, respectively, Figure 1F). Univariate analysis indicated that three variables (tumor size, vascular invasion, KDM5B-positivity) were risk factors of HCC (Table 4). In multivariate analysis, KDM5B-positivity was suggested as the strongest prognostic factor of HCC cases caused by persistent infection with HBV or HCV. For the possible reason of this poorer prognosis in KDM5B-positive group, there were more distant metastases in KDM5B-positive than in KDM5B-negative group (Table 5).
Table 3: Clinicopathological characteristics in KDM5B positive and negative groups for HCC derived from HBV or HCV
Variables | all | KDM5B | KDM5B | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient characteristics | ||||
Sex | 0.08 | |||
Male | 57 | 29 | 28 | |
Female | 21 | 16 | 5 | |
Age (years) | 66 (33-82) | 64 (38-82) | 67 (33-80) | 0.31 |
Alcoholic abuse | 0.38 | |||
Yes | 60 | 33 | 27 | |
No | 18 | 12 | 6 | |
Hepatitis status | ||||
HBV Ag positive | 18 | 13 | 5 | 0.15 |
HCV Ab positive | 63 | 35 | 28 | 0.43 |
Preoperative laboratory data | ||||
Albumin (g/dl) | 4.0 (2.2-4.8) | 3.9 (3.0-4.8) | 4.0 (2.2-4.8) | 0.65 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | 1.0 (0.2-2.0) | 0.8 (0.2-2.0) | 1.0 (0.4-1.9) | 0.96 |
Prothrombin time (%) | 84.0 (51.1-113.4) | 81.6 (51.1-113.4) | 86.1 (52.4-105.0) | 0.25 |
ICG R15 (%) | 11.0 (1.6-36.3) | 11.0 (1.6-36.3) | 12.0 (1.7-36.0) | 0.96 |
AST (IU/ml) | 53 | 53 (21-166) | 52 (22-147) | 0.60 |
ALT (IU/ml) | 54 (8-158) | 49 | 65 | 0.26 |
Platelet count (x104/μl) | 14.3 (3.4-39.7) | 14.2 (5.0-26.7) | 14.5 (3.4-39.7) | 0.69 |
Child-Pugh grade | 0.69 | |||
A | 65 | 37 | 28 | |
B | 12 | 7 | 5 | |
C | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
AFP (ng/ml) | 58.2 (18-96575) | 136.2 (1.8-96575.6) | 18.0 (2.1-2978.9) | 0.0007*** |
AFP-L3 (%) | 0.5 (0.1-89.9) | 0.5 (0.1-89.9) | 1.0 (0.1-85.7) | 0.20 |
DCP (mIU/ml) | 137 | 187.0 | 195.0 | 0.05 |
Pathological characteristics | ||||
Tumor maximum size (cm) | 4.0 (1.0-15.0) | 4.0 (1.0-15.0) | 3.0 (2.0-8.0) | 0.04* |
Tumor number | 0.89 | |||
Single | 49 | 28 | 21 | |
Multiple | 29 | 17 | 12 | |
Differentiation | 0.049* | |||
Well | 12 | 5 | 7 | |
Moderate | 56 | 31 | 25 | |
Poor | 10 | 9 | 1 | |
Vascular invasion | 0.03* | |||
Present | 16 | 13 | 3 | |
Absent | 62 | 32 | 30 | |
Fibrosis stage | 0.86 | |||
4 | 44 | 25 | 19 | |
0-3 | 34 | 20 | 14 | |
Activity stage | 0.92 | |||
2-3 | 61 | 35 | 26 | |
0-1 | 17 | 10 | 7 | |
TNM stage | 0.13 | |||
I | 8 | 3 | 5 | |
II | 25 | 15 | 10 | |
III | 28 | 12 | 16 | |
IV | 17 | 15 | 2 | |
Ki-67 status | 0.07 | |||
Positive | 43 | 29 | 14 | |
Negative | 35 | 16 | 19 | |
*p<0.05, ***p<0.001
KDM5B: Lysine demethylase 5B; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; ICG-R15: indocyanine green retention test at 15 minutes; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase; AFP: alpha-fetoprotein; AFP-L3: the lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP; DCP: des-ɤ-carboxy prothrombin.
Table 4: Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for HCC derived from HBV or HCV
Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | (95% CI) | p value | HR | (95% CI) | p value | |
Sex (male vs female) | 1.77 | (0.20-1.583) | 0.28 | |||
Age (≦66 vs >66) | 1.17 | (0.454-2.995) | 0.75 | |||
Child-Pugh grade | 0.52 | (0.156-1.719) | 0.28 | |||
AFP | 2.85 | (0.950-8.521) | 0.06 | |||
AFP-L3 | 1.31 | (0.477-3.567) | 0.61 | |||
DCP | 1.19 | (0.434-3.269) | 0.73 | |||
Tumor size | 2.86 | (1.064-7.692) | 0.04* | 1.824 | (1.403-2.245) | 0.07 |
Triple positive | 1.17 | (0.083-2.430) | 0.68 | |||
Tumor number (multiple vs single) | 0.57 | (0.217-1.480) | 0.25 | |||
Differentiation | 2.86 | (0.609-13.40) | 0.16 | |||
Vascular invasion | 3.40 | (1.132-10.23) | 0.03* | 1.207 | (0.762-1.652) | 0.23 |
Intrahepatic metastasis (yes vs no) | 0.46 | (0.177-1.184) | 0.11 | |||
TNM stage | 2.08 | (0.776-5.586) | 0.14 | |||
KDM5B | 3.60 | (1.281-5.586) | 0.02* | 2.076 | (1.645-2.507) | 0.04* |
Ki-67 (positive vs negative) | 1.39 | (0.272-1.919) | 0.51 | |||
*p<0.05
KDM5B: Lysine demethylase 5B; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; AFP: alpha-fetoprotein; AFP-L3: the lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP; DCP: des-ɤ-carboxy prothrombin.
Table 5: Recurrences pattern in both KDM5B positive and negative group
All cases | HCC derived from HBV or HCV | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KDM5B | KDM5B | p value | KDM5B | KDM5B | p value | |
Recurrence number (%) | 37 | 42 | 0.20 | 35 | 27 | 0.66 |
Beyond Milan Criteria (%) | 26 | 20 | 0.04* | 19 | 12 | 0.15 |
Distant metastasis (%) | 9 | 2 | 0.03* | 8 | 1 | 0.01* |
*p<0.05
KDM5B: Lysine demethylase 5B; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.
Growth and migration regulation of HCC cancer cells by KDM5B
For an assay of the inhibition of KDM5B, we transfected KDM5B-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (siKDM5B#1 and #2) and negative control (siEGFP) into two HCC cell lines whose KDM5B expression were highly expressed, such as HepG2 and HuH7 cells (data not shown). Expression levels of KDM5B in these cells transfected with siKDM5Bs were significantly suppressed compared to those transfected with siEGFP (Figure 2A). Moreover, the inhibition of KDM5B suppressed the growth of HCC cells (Figure 2B). In Figure 2C, we confirmed knockdown of KDM5B in all three HCC cell lines after treatment with siKDM5B using immunohistochemical analysis. To further assess the mechanism of this suppression, the cell cycle status of cancer cells was analyzed by flow cytometry (Figure 2D). In KDM5B knockdown treatment, the proportion of G1 phase was larger (p=0.0001, 0.005 [siKDM5B#1, #2, respectively]) and that of S phase was significantly smaller than siEGFP (p=0.004, 0.04 [siKDM5B#1, #2, respectively]) (Figure 2E). There were no differences in the proportion of subG1 between siEGFP and siKDM5B. These results indicated that KDM5B appears to progress the cell cycle from G1 to S phase and not to regulate the pathway of apoptosis. In the invasion and migration assay, the inhibition of KDM5B could suppress tumor invasion significantly (Figure 2F). These results had no conflicts with clinical data, which indicated that KDM5B-positive group had more vascular invasion than KDM5B-negative group.
Figure 2: Involvement of KDM5B in the tumor growth and invasion of HCC cell lines. (A) Quantitative real-time PCR showed the suppression of endogenous KDM5B expression of HepG2 and HuH7 using two KDM5B-specific siRNAs (#1 and #2). (B) KDM5B knockdown could inhibit the growth of HepG2 and HuH7 using cell growth assay. (C) We confirmed knockdown of KDM5B in three HCC cell lines (HLF, HepG2 and HuH7) after treatment with siKDM5B using immunohistochemical analysis. Scale bars; 100μm. (D) Cell cycle analysis after the treatment of siEGFP and siKDM5B. (E) The number of cells in each phase was counted by FACS. In KDM5B knockdown treatment, the proportion of G1 phase was larger (p=0.0001, 0.005 [siKDM5B#1, #2, respectively]) and that of S phase was significantly smaller than siEGFP (p=0.004, 0.04 [siKDM5B#1, #2, respectively]). There were no differences in the proportion of subG1 between siEGFP and siKDM5B. (F) Invasion assay after treatment of siEGFP and siKDM5B. All experiments were done in triplicate. Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ns: not significant.
E2F1 and E2F2 worked as the downstream of KDM5B
Referring to our previous report [27], we checked the status of E2F1 and E2F2 expression levels in HepG2 and HuH7 cells treated with siKDM5B (Figure 3A and 3B). Knockdown of KDM5B resulted in down-regulation of E2F1 and E2F2 mRNA expression levels. To validate the transcriptional regulation of E2F by KDM5B in more detail, we confirmed suppression of E2F1, E2F2 and RB expressions in HepG2 and HuH7 cells at the protein level (Figure 3C). These results indicated that knockdown of KDM5B seems to transcriptionally suppress the expression of E2F1 and E2F2, which results in suppression of cancer cell growth through inhibiting cell cycle progression.
Figure 3: E2F1 and E2F2 are downstream genes of KDM5B. (A) Expression levels of E2F1 in HCC cell lines (HepG2 and HuH7) were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR after treatment with siEGFP and siKDM5B. (B) Expression levels of E2F2 in HCC cell lines were analyzed by real-time PCR after treatment with siEGFP and siKDM5B. (C) Validation of KDM5B and E2F1, E2F2 and RB expressions at the protein level. Lysates from HCC cell lines after both siEGFP and siKDM5B treatments were immunoblotted with anti-KDM5B, E2F1, E2F2, RB and actin antibodies. All experiments were done in triplicate. Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis. ***p<0.001, ns: not significant.
DISCUSSION
In this study, KDM5B-positive HCC patients showed poorer five-year overall survival rate than those in the KDM5B-negative group. KDM5B-positive group showed much poorer five-year overall survival rate than KDM5B-negative group, especially in patients with HCC caused by persistent infection of HBV or HCV. Since Lu et al. reported that PLU-1 was highly expressed in breast cancer [28], several reports relevant to dysregulation of KDM5B in bladder cancer [27], breast cancer [29], lung cancer [27], neuroblastoma [30], prostate cancer [31] and others [32] have been reported. In HCC, Tang et al. [33] and Wang et al. [34] reported that expression of KDM5B was up-regulated; our results correlate with these reports.
Among factors for poorer prognosis, high expression of KDM5B was the strongest prognostic factor in HCC cases caused by persistent infection of HBV or HCV. Recently, Wang et al. also demonstrated that KDM5B was associated with poor prognosis of HBV-related HCC and that hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein could activate KMD5B, resulting in maintaining hepatic stem cell (HpSC)-like features in HCC [35].
The clinical characteristics of KDM5B-positive group showed elevation of AFP. We previously reported that HCC patients with triple positive tumor markers (AFP, AFP-L3 and des-ɤ-carboxy prothrombin: DCP) showed poorer prognosis due to microvascular invasion, and described the usefulness of the radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for those cases [36, 37]. Our present data show only an elevation of AFP. KDM5B-positive group also showed poorer HCC differentiation and more vascular invasion than KDM5B-negative group. These clinical data were compatible with our invasion and migration assay.
KDM5B has an enzyme activity of lysine demethylase at di-methylated and tri-methylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) [29]. On the basis of previous findings, KDM5B is likely to regulate cell proliferation and transcriptional regulation [34, 38–42]. In our results, the knockdown of KDM5B suppressed the growth of HCC cells through the block of G1-S phase transition. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between KDM5B expression and Ki-67 status. In the present study, we confirmed that E2F1 and E2F2 were down-regulated by KDM5B knockdown in HCC. E2F1 and E2F2 are members of an important group of transcription factors and we demonstrate for the first time they are also candidate downstream modulators regulated by KDM5B in HCC. Furthermore, Dai et al. reported that KDM5B is associated with progression of glioma by down-regulating p21, a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) [43]. KDM5B appears to be a critical regulator of cell cycle checkpoint [34].
On the contrary, regarding disease-free survival, no statistically significant difference was observed between KDM5B-positive and KDM5B-negative patients. In our clinical data, there was no difference in the proportion of intrahepatic recurrences, even though KDM5B-positive patients showed more distant metastasis than in KDM5B-negative patients. Intriguingly, previous reports implied that KDM5B is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Kidder et al. reported that EMT was down-regulated during reprogramming in the absence of KDM5B [44]. Moreover, Tang et al. revealed that KDM5B promoted metastasis involved in the EMT via PTEN/AKT signaling [33]. In this regard, KDM5B seems to promote distant metastasis by regulating the EMT signaling pathway, which may cause poor prognosis in overall survival in the KDM5B-positive group.
One of the limitations of this study is that the number of HBV-positive cases is insufficient to conduct multivariate analysis of HBV- or HCV-positive cases independently. The number of HBV-derived HCC was small, there was no difference in HBV cases and the HBV cases with HCV cases therefore combined. Indeed, the number of enrolled HCC patients is not large, which results in the limitation of some specific statistical analysis in this study. We will accumulate more resected HCC specimens and plan further analysis.
Finally, our results clearly indicate that KDM5B is one potential molecular target for developing anti-cancer drugs. Indeed, Sayegh et al. developed small molecule inhibitors of KDM5B as anti-cancer agents [45], and further studies may explore the importance of KDM5B as a target of anti-cancer therapy for patients with HCC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients
In our study, 105 HCC patients underwent primary hepatectomy between January 2000 and December 2006 at Wakayama Medical University Hospital (WMUH). Informed consent was obtained from all patients in accordance with the guidelines of the Wakayama Medical University Ethical Committee on Human Research (approval number: 871).
Immunohistochemistry and evaluation of their results
Pretreatment was performed as in our previous study [27]. Primary antibodies KDM5B (1:500, mouse monoclonal, clone 1G10, H00010765-M02, Abnova or HPA027179, Atlas Antibodies AB) and Ki-67 (1:1000, Rabbit-a-confirm Ki-67 MIB Clone 30-9, Ready-to-use; Ventana) were diluted in phosphate buffered saline. Antibody binding was then immuno-detected using the avidin-biotin-peroxide complex, as described by the supplier (Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan).
Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining results were evaluated by the immunoreactive scoring system (IRS score) [46–48]. The number of positive cells was evaluated numerically (0: no positive cells; 1:1-25% positive cells; 2: 26-50% positive cells; 3: 51-75% positive cells and 4: 76-100% positive cells). These scores were then multiplied with an intensity scale (0: negative; 1: weak; 2: moderate and 3: intensive staining). Valuation was performed without knowledge of the clinical-pathological variables. In accordance with previous reports, the cut-off values of IHC staining scores were set as the median value [49, 50].
Cell culture
HepG2 and HuH7 were used as HCC cell lines that were grown in monolayers in appropriate media, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM). These cells were maintained at 37°C in humid air with 5% CO2 condition. All experiments were done in triplicate.
Transfection with small interfering RNAs
siRNA oligonucleotide duplexes (SIGMA Genosys, Tokyo, Japan) were prepared. These suppress expression of KDM5B (siKDM5B#1 and #2; sequences shown in Supplementary Table 1), as an assay of KDM5B inhibition. There was one negative control (siRNA for enhanced green fluorescent protein, siEGFP). siRNA duplexes were transfected (100 nM final concentration) to HepG2 and HuH7 with lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) for 72 hours, and cells were examined for viability using Cell Counting Kit 8 (DOJINDO Laboratories).
Quantitative real-time PCR
Specific primers for all human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (housekeeping gene), SDH (Succinate dehydrogenase, housekeeping gene) and KDM5B were designed for quantitative RT-PCR (each primer sequence in Supplementary Table 2). PCR was performed using CFX96 touch® (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) following the manufacturers’ protocol. Sso Advanced™ Universal SYBR® Green Supermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) (50%), 50 nM each of the forward and reverse primers and 2 μl of reversely-transcribed cDNA were applied. Similar procedures were followed to those previously reported [27].
Cell proliferation assay
Grown on tissue culture plates, siEGFP or siKDM5B induced to HepG2 and HuH7 cells were pre-incubated in 96-well plates at a density of 15,000 cells per well with growth medium. Seventy-two hours after transfection 10 μl of Cell Counting Kit-8 solution was added. Absorbance at 450 nm was measured by microplate reader (SH-9000, Corona Electric, Ibaraki, Japan).
Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry assays (FACS)
HuH7 cells after treatment siEGFP and siKDM5B cultured in a CO2 incubator at 37°C for 72 hours. By trypsinization, 1×106 cells were collected and stained with propidium iodide (PI) following the manufacturers’ instructions (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI). To check the cell cycle, cells were analyzed by FACS Caliber (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) with MultiCycle for Macintosh software (BD Pharmingen).
Cell invasion assay
Transwell invasion assay was performed with reference to a previous report [51]. Briefly, 5×104 cells in serum-free culture medium were added to the upper chamber of the Transwell insert (Corning Inc., Corning, NY), the lower chamber was filled with medium containing 10% Fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37°C for 72 hours. Migrated cells through the membrane into the lower chamber were fixed by methanol and stained by crystal violet.
Western blotting
Total protein was extracted from the cells in CelLytic M™ lysis Reagent (Merck-Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany). Total protein (60 μg) was transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was proved with anti-KDM5B antibody as described in IHC, anti-E2F1 antibody (KH95, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), anti-E2F2 antibody (L-20, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and anti-RB antibody (IF8, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Anti-Actin (I-19, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was used as a loading control.
Statistical analysis
We corrected for continuity by means of Child-Pugh grade, UICC-TNM classification, or each median value of laboratory data. To measure background features, we analyzed tumor characteristics and laboratory data using Fisher’s exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Survival rates were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Risk factors for survival were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. All experiments were done in triplicate and Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was defined as p <0.05.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study clarifies that overexpression of KDM5B promotes poor survival prognosis in HCC that especially derived from HBV/HCV subgroup. Further functional analyses of KDM5B could contribute to development of novel therapeutic strategies for HCC.
Abbreviations
KDM5B: Lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5B, JARID1B: Jumonji, AT-rich interacting domain 1B, HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma, HBV: hepatitis B virus, HCV: hepatitis C virus, siRNA: small interfering ribonucleic acid, E2F1/E2F2: E2F transcription factor 1/2.
Author contributions
Study conception and design: YS, SH and RH
Acquisition of data: YS, SH, MU, AM and NS
Analysis and interpretation of data: YS, SH, MU, AM and NS
Drafting of manuscript: YS, SH and MU
Critical revision: MK, SH, KO, RH and HY.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We acknowledge proofreading by Benjamin Phillis.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to declare.
FUNDING
The authors have no financial interests support to declare.
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