Reviews:
A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care.
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Abstract
Richard E. Kast1 , John A. Boockvar2, Ansgar Brüning3, Francesco Cappello4, Wen-Wei Chang5, Boris Cvek6, Q. Ping Dou7, Alfonso Duenas-Gonzalez8, Thomas Efferth9, Daniele Focosi10, Seyed H. Ghaffari11, Georg Karpel-Massler12, Kirsi Ketola13, Alireza Khoshnevisan14, Daniel Keizman15, Nicolas Magné16, Christine Marosi17, Kerrie McDonald18, Miguel Muñoz19, Ameya Paranjpe20, Mohammad H. Pourgholami18, Iacopo Sardi21, Avishay Sella22, Kalkunte S. Srivenugopal20, Marco Tuccori10, Weiguang Wang23, Christian R. Wirtz12, Marc-Eric Halatsch12
1 IIAIGC Headquarters, Dean of Studies, Burlington, VT, USA
2 Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
3 University of München, München, Germany
4 University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
5 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
6 Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
7 Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
8 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
9 Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
10 University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
11 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
12 University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
13 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
14 Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
15 Oncology Department, Meir Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel
16 Institut de Cancérologie Lucien Neuwirth, Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
17 Medical University of Vienna, Wein, Austria
18 University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
19 Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Sevilla, Spain
20 Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, USA
21 Meyer Children’s Hospital, Firenze, Italy
22 Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
23 University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
Correspondence:
Richard E. Kast , email:
Marc-Eric Halatsch , email:
Keywords: angiotensin, aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, cytokines, disulfiram, glioblastoma, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, neurokinin, sertraline, temozolomide
Received: April 7, 2013 Accepted: April 11, 2013 Published: April 13, 2013
Abstract
To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma’s compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.
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