Oncotarget

Research Papers:

Chemokines CCL2, 3, 14 stimulate macrophage bone marrow homing, proliferation, and polarization in multiple myeloma

Yi Li, Yuhuan Zheng, Tianshu Li, Qiang Wang, Jianfei Qian, Yong Lu, Mingjun Zhang, Enguang Bi, Maojie Yang, Frederic Reu, Qing Yi and Zhen Cai _

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Oncotarget. 2015; 6:24218-24229. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.4523

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Abstract

Yi Li1,2,*, Yuhuan Zheng2,3,*, Tianshu Li2,*, Qiang Wang2, Jianfei Qian2, Yong Lu2, Mingjun Zhang2, Enguang Bi2, Maojie Yang2, Frederic Reu4, Qing Yi2,** and Zhen Cai1,**

1 Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Department of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

2 Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

3 Department of Hematology, Sichuan University, West China School of Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

4 Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

* These authors have contributed equally to this manuscript

** These authors have contributed equally as senior authors to this manuscript

Correspondence to:

Zhen Cai, email:

Qing Yi, email:

Keywords: multiple myeloma, chemokine, macrophage, bone marrow

Received: April 24, 2015 Accepted: June 05, 2015 Published: June 19, 2015

Abstract

We previously showed that macrophages (MΦs) infiltrate the bone marrow (BM) of patients with myeloma and may play a role in drug resistance. This study analyzed chemokines expressed by myeloma BM that are responsible for recruiting monocytes to the tumor bed. We found that chemokines CCL3, CCL14, and CCL2 were highly expressed by myeloma and BM cells, and the levels of CCL14 and CCL3 in myeloma BM positively correlated with the percentage of BM-infiltrating MΦs. In vitro, these chemokines were responsible for chemoattracting human monocytes to tumor sites and in vivo for MΦ infiltration into myeloma-bearing BM in the 5TGM1 mouse model. Surprisingly, we also found that these chemokines stimulated MΦ in vitro proliferation induced by myeloma cells and in vivo in a human myeloma xenograft SCID mouse model. The chemokines also activated normal MΦ polarization and differentiation into myeloma-associated MΦs. Western blot analysis revealed that these chemokines promoted growth and survival signaling in MΦs via activating the PI3K/Akt and ERK MAPK pathways and c-myc expression. Thus, this study provides novel insight into the mechanism of MΦ infiltration of BM and also potential targets for improving the efficacy of chemotherapy in myeloma.


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