Oncotarget

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The oncolytic peptide LTX-315 kills cancer cells through Bax/Bak-regulated mitochondrial membrane permeabilization

Heng Zhou, Sabrina Forveille, Allan Sauvat, Valentina Sica, Valentina Izzo, Sylvère Durand, Kevin Müller, Peng Liu, Laurence Zitvogel, Øystein Rekdal, Oliver Kepp and Guido Kroemer _

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Oncotarget. 2015; 6:26599-26614. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.5613

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Abstract

Heng Zhou1,2,3,4,5, Sabrina Forveille1,2,3,4, Allan Sauvat1,2,3,4, Valentina Sica1,2,3,4,5, Valentina Izzo1,2,3,4, Sylvère Durand1,2,3,4, Kevin Müller1,2,3,4,5, Peng Liu1,2,3,4,5, Laurence Zitvogel5,6,7, Øystein Rekdal9,10, Oliver Kepp1,2,3,4 and Guido Kroemer1,2,3,4,11,12

1 Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France

2 Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Paris, France

3 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France

4 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

5 University of Paris Sud XI, Kremlin Bicêtre, France

6 Department of Immuno-Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France

7 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1015, Villejuif, France

8 Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, Villejuif, France

9 Lytix Biopharma, Oslo, Norway

10 University of Tromsø, Institute of Medical Biology, Tromsø, Norway

11 Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France

12 Karolinska Institute, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Correspondence to:

Oliver Kepp , email:

Guido Kroemer, email:

Keywords: LTX-315, necrosis, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, cancer, mitophagy

Received: July 31, 2015 Accepted: August 26, 2015 Published: September 10, 2015

Abstract

LTX-315 has been developed as an amphipathic cationic peptide that kills cancer cells. Here, we investigated the putative involvement of mitochondria in the cytotoxic action of LTX-315. Subcellular fractionation of LTX-315-treated cells, followed by mass spectrometric quantification, revealed that the agent was enriched in mitochondria. LTX-315 caused an immediate arrest of mitochondrial respiration without any major uncoupling effect. Accordingly, LTX-315 disrupted the mitochondrial network, dissipated the mitochondrial inner transmembrane potential, and caused the release of mitochondrial intermembrane proteins into the cytosol. LTX-315 was relatively inefficient in stimulating mitophagy. Cells lacking the two pro-apoptotic multidomain proteins from the BCL-2 family, BAX and BAK, were less susceptible to LTX-315-mediated killing. Moreover, cells engineered to lose their mitochondria (by transfection with Parkin combined with treatment with a protonophore causing mitophagy) were relatively resistant against LTX-315, underscoring the importance of this organelle for LTX-315-mediated cytotoxicity. Altogether, these results support the notion that LTX-315 kills cancer cells by virtue of its capacity to permeabilize mitochondrial membranes.


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