Research Papers:
Melphalan modifies the bone microenvironment by enhancing osteoclast formation
PDF | HTML | Supplementary Files | How to cite
Metrics: PDF 2201 views | HTML 3335 views | ?
Abstract
Ryan C. Chai1, Michelle M. McDonald1, Rachael L. Terry1, Nataša Kovačić1,2, Jenny M. Down1,3, Jessica A. Pettitt1, Sindhu T. Mohanty1, Shruti Shah1, Gholamreza Haffari4, Jiake Xu5, Matthew T. Gillespie6, Michael J. Rogers1, John T. Price7,8, Peter I. Croucher1,9,10,* and Julian M.W. Quinn1,*
1Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
2Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
3Bone Biology Group, Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
4Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
5School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
6Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
7College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Australia
8Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne, Victoria University and Western Health, St. Albans, Australia
9St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
10School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
*Joint senior authors
Correspondence to:
Peter I. Croucher, email: [email protected]
Julian M.W. Quinn, email: [email protected]
Keywords: osteoclast, chemotherapy, bone loss, cell stress, bone microenvironment
Received: January 05, 2017 Accepted: June 02, 2017 Published: July 10, 2017
ABSTRACT
Melphalan is a cytotoxic chemotherapy used to treat patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Bone resorption by osteoclasts, by remodeling the bone surface, can reactivate dormant MM cells held in the endosteal niche to promote tumor development. Dormant MM cells can be reactivated after melphalan treatment; however, it is unclear whether melphalan treatment increases osteoclast formation to modify the endosteal niche.
Melphalan treatment of mice for 14 days decreased bone volume and the endosteal bone surface, and this was associated with increases in osteoclast numbers. Bone marrow cells (BMC) from melphalan-treated mice formed more osteoclasts than BMCs from vehicle-treated mice, suggesting that osteoclast progenitors were increased. Melphalan also increased osteoclast formation in BMCs and RAW264.7 cells in vitro, which was prevented with the cell stress response (CSR) inhibitor KNK437. Melphalan also increased expression of the osteoclast regulator the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), but not nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1). Melphalan increased expression of MITF-dependent cell fusion factors, dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (Dc-stamp) and osteoclast-stimulatory transmembrane protein (Oc-stamp) and increased cell fusion. Expression of osteoclast stimulator receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) was unaffected by melphalan treatment.
These data suggest that melphalan stimulates osteoclast formation by increasing osteoclast progenitor recruitment and differentiation in a CSR-dependent manner. Melphalan-induced osteoclast formation is associated with bone loss and reduced endosteal bone surface. As well as affecting bone structure this may contribute to dormant tumor cell activation, which has implications for how melphalan is used to treat patients with MM.
All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
PII: 19152