miR-150: targeting MLL leukemia

It has been a tough challenge to hunt for effective therapeutic targets for acute leukemia bearing mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) fusion genes. The MLL gene which maps to human chromosome 11 band q23 (11q23) is frequently involved in chromosome translocations in around 10% of total leukemia, including 5-10% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 80% of infant acute leukemia. The critical feature of MLL-rearrangements is the generation of a chimeric transcript consisting of 5' MLL and 3' sequences of the partner gene; at present, more than 100 different loci which translocate to the MLL gene have been identified and more than 60 different partner genes have been cloned [1]. MLL-rearranged leukemia is usually associated with intermediate to poor prognosis and refractory to conventional therapies [1]. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new therapeutic methods which have high efficacy and low side-effects to treat MLL-rearranged leukemia. 
 
These MLL-fusions are the “drivers” that determine the pathogenesis of the MLL-associated leukemias. Several important oncogenes (e.g. homeobox A (HOXA) genes, MEIS1, FLT3, MYB and MYC, etc.) serve as direct or indirect downstream targets of MLL-fusion proteins and are frequently up-regulated in MLL-associated leukemias. In addition to sharing a common driver and contributing to the pathogenesis of MLL-fusion-induced leukemia, these oncogenes have complex mutual regulatory influences on each other. For example, the HOXA cluster genes are the most well-defined direct targets of MLL fusions; MYB is an essential downstream target of the HOXA9/MEIS1 signaling, and an autoregulatory feedback loop was reported recently in which MYB binds MLL through MENIN and regulates expression of HOXA9/MEIS1 directly [2]; MYC, a potent oncogene which transcriptionally activates many tumor-promoting genes [3], is a downstream target gene of MLL fusions and FLT3 [4]; LIN28 is a direct target of MYC [5]. Taken together, a functional circuit, “driven” by MLL-fusions and involving all the above oncogenes (i.e. HOXA9, MEIS1, FLT3, MYB and MYC), exists in MLL-associated leukemia. However, how the MLL-pathway is regulated is unclear and this question merits deep exploration. 
 
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small (22~25 bp) non-coding RNAs important in mediating post-transcriptional gene silencing, are involved in the pathogenesis of various types of cancers [1]. Jiang et al. [6] recently show that miR-150, a miRNA significantly down-regulated in most AML cases, is up-regulated by MLL-fusion/MYC at the primary transcription level but strikingly, is repressed by MYC/LIN28 during the maturation process. miR-150 functions as a critical tumor suppressor in inhibiting MLL-fusion-induced cell transformation and leukemogenesis, through directly targeting MYB/FLT3 and thereby subsequently interfering with the HOXA9/MEIS1/FLT3/MYB/MYC/LIN28 signaling network. Collectively, this report describes a previously unappreciated regulatory circuit, namely MLL-fusion/MYC/LIN28⊣miR-150⊣ FLT3/MYB/HOXA9/MEIS1 in MLL-associated leukemia, where miR-150 functions as a pivotal tumor-suppressing gate keeper [6]. 
 
During the past two decades, many efforts have been made to identify effective therapies targeting oncogenic components of the above circuit, e.g. inhibitors for FLT3 and MYC [7, 8]. Given the essential role of miR-150 in inhibiting MLL-fusion-mediated cell transformation and leukemogenesis, and its remarkable repression of expression of all major downstream oncogenic targets of MLL fusions, restoring miR-150 expression/function holds great therapeutic potential in treating MLL-associated leukemia. Its side effect on normal hematopoiesis is likely weak, as overexpression of miR-150 in normal bone marrow progenitor cells results in only slight, if any, inhibitory effect on cell proliferation [6]. Thus, restoring the function of miR-150 by miRNA replacement (e.g. packaged in nano-particles, etc.) may provide an effective therapeutic strategy to treat MLL-associated leukemia, either alone or in combination with suitable chemotherapeutic drugs, or through synergy with future available therapeutic compounds that specifically target critical component(s) of the MLL-regulatory circuit such as FLT3 or MYC. 
 
Given the fact that miR-150 is significantly downregulated in almost all subtypes of AML and its forced expression exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on cell transformation mediated by various types of leukemic fusion genes, it would be important in the future to systematically investigate miR-150's pathologenic role and critical target genes/pathways in other subtypes of AML. It is also critical to determine whether the MYC/LIN28⊣miR-150⊣FLT3/MYB/HOXA9/MEIS1 regulatory circuit also exists and is functionally important as a whole or at least in part in other subtypes of leukemia, or even other types of cancers (e.g., lymphomas). Such studies may lead to the ultimate development of highly effective targeted therapy approaches to treat not only MLL-associated leukemia, but also other subtypes of leukemia or even other types of cancers that also utilize at least part of the aforementioned signaling circuit. 
 
The authors thank Dr. Janet D. Rowley for her critical comments.


miR-150: targeting MLL leukemia Xi Jiang, Jianjun Chen
It has been a tough challenge to hunt for effective therapeutic targets for acute leukemia bearing mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) fusion genes. The MLL gene which maps to human chromosome 11 band q23 (11q23) is frequently involved in chromosome translocations in around 10% of total leukemia, including 5-10% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 80% of infant acute leukemia. The critical feature of MLLrearrangements is the generation of a chimeric transcript consisting of 5' MLL and 3' sequences of the partner gene; at present, more than 100 different loci which translocate to the MLL gene have been identified and more than 60 different partner genes have been cloned [1]. MLL-rearranged leukemia is usually associated with intermediate to poor prognosis and refractory to conventional therapies [1]. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new therapeutic methods which have high efficacy and low side-effects to treat MLL-rearranged leukemia.
These MLL-fusions are the "drivers" that determine the pathogenesis of the MLL-associated leukemias. Several important oncogenes (e.g. homeobox A (HOXA) genes, MEIS1, FLT3, MYB and MYC, etc.) serve as direct or indirect downstream targets of MLL-fusion proteins and are frequently up-regulated in MLL-associated leukemias. In addition to sharing a common driver and contributing to the pathogenesis of MLL-fusion-induced leukemia, these oncogenes have complex mutual regulatory influences on each other. For example, the HOXA cluster genes are the most well-defined direct targets of MLL fusions; MYB is an essential downstream target of the HOXA9/ MEIS1 signaling, and an autoregulatory feedback loop was reported recently in which MYB binds MLL through MENIN and regulates expression of HOXA9/ MEIS1 directly [2]; MYC, a potent oncogene which transcriptionally activates many tumor-promoting genes [3], is a downstream target gene of MLL fusions and FLT3 [4]; LIN28 is a direct target of MYC [5]. Taken together, a functional circuit, "driven" by MLL-fusions and involving all the above oncogenes (i.e. HOXA9, MEIS1, FLT3, MYB and MYC), exists in MLL-associated leukemia. However, how the MLL-pathway is regulated is unclear and this question merits deep exploration.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small (22~25 bp) non-coding RNAs important in mediating posttranscriptional gene silencing, are involved in the pathogenesis of various types of cancers [1]. Jiang et al. [6] recently show that miR-150, a miRNA significantly down-regulated in most AML cases, is up-regulated by MLL-fusion/MYC at the primary transcription level but strikingly, is repressed by MYC/LIN28 during the maturation process. miR-150 functions as a critical tumor suppressor in inhibiting MLL-fusion-induced cell transformation and leukemogenesis, through directly targeting MYB/FLT3 and thereby subsequently interfering with the HOXA9/MEIS1/FLT3/MYB/MYC/LIN28 signaling network. Collectively, this report describes a previously unappreciated regulatory circuit, namely MLL-fusion/ MYC/LIN28⊣miR-150⊣ FLT3/MYB/HOXA9/MEIS1 in MLL-associated leukemia, where miR-150 functions as a pivotal tumor-suppressing gate keeper [6].
During the past two decades, many efforts have been made to identify effective therapies targeting oncogenic components of the above circuit, e.g. inhibitors for FLT3 and MYC [7,8]. Given the essential role of miR-150 in inhibiting MLL-fusion-mediated cell transformation and leukemogenesis, and its remarkable repression of expression of all major downstream oncogenic targets of MLL fusions, restoring miR-150 expression/function holds great therapeutic potential in treating MLL-associated leukemia. Its side effect on normal hematopoiesis is likely weak, as overexpression of miR-150 in normal bone marrow progenitor cells results in only slight, if any, inhibitory effect on cell proliferation [6]. Thus, restoring the function of miR-150 by miRNA replacement (e.g. packaged in nano-particles, etc.) may provide an effective therapeutic strategy to treat MLL-associated leukemia, either alone or in combination with suitable chemotherapeutic drugs, or through synergy with future available therapeutic compounds that specifically target critical component(s) of the MLL-regulatory circuit such as FLT3 or MYC.
Given the fact that miR-150 is significantly downregulated in almost all subtypes of AML and its forced expression exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on cell transformation mediated by various types of leukemic fusion genes, it would be important in the future to systematically investigate miR-150's pathologenic role and critical target genes/pathways in other subtypes of AML. It is also critical to determine whether the MYC/ LIN28⊣miR-150⊣FLT3/MYB/HOXA9/MEIS1 regulatory circuit also exists and is functionally important as a whole or at least in part in other subtypes of leukemia, or even other types of cancers (e.g., lymphomas). Such studies may lead to the ultimate development of highly effective targeted therapy approaches to treat not only MLL-